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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Conception occurs when fertilization creates a ____ (a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg)
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zygote
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The ______ period extends from conception to birth (usually 9 months)
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prenatal
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The _____ stage is the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception
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germinal
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The _____ is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.
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placenta
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The ______ stage is the 2nd stage of prenatal devlpmnt (2 weeks to 2 months);also a period of great vulnerability , as most physiological structures are being formed
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embryonic
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The ____ stage is the 3rd stage (2 months through birth)
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fetal
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Sometime b/w 22 to 26 weeks the fetus reaches the _____--the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
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age of viability
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________ during the prenatal period has been linked to birth complications and other subsequent problems
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maternal malnutrition
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Maternal ____ can be very dangerous; risks depend on the drug used, the dose and phase of devlpmnt
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drug use
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_____ is a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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____ and ____ can be trans mitted to offspring during the birth process.
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genital herpes
AIDS |
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_____ refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activites.
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motor devlpmnt
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Motor devlpmnt follows ______ (head-to-foot) and ______ (center-outward) trends and depends in part on physical growth.
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cephalocaudal
proximodistal |
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Early motor devlpment depends on both ____(devlpment that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's gentic blueprint) and ______
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maturation
learning |
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_____ indicate the average age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
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devlpmental norms
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_____ refers to characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.
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temperament
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_______ studies compare a group of participants of differing age at a single point in time; quicker, easier, cheaper
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cross-sectional
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______ studies observe one group of participants over a period of time; more sensitve to devlpmntal changes.
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longitudinal
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_____ and ____ found three basic styles of temperament
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Thomas
Chess |
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___% are ____ children (tend to be happy, regular in sleep and eating, adaptable, not easily upset)
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40
easy |
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___% are _____ children (less happy, less regular in eating and sleeping, slower in adapting to change)
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15
slow-to-warm-up |
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____ % are ____ children (glum. erratic in sleep and eating, resistant to change, relatively irritable)
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10
difficult |
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The remaining __% showed a mixture of these 3 temperaments
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35
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Fairly strong temperament correlation at age _____ and _____.
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3 months
10 years |
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_____ refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develope between infants and their caregivers
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attachments
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First manifestations of ______ (emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment) occur at 6 to 8 months
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separation anxiety
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___% of all children develope ____ attachment style (do sisplay sep. anxiety, fairly easily comforted)
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70
secure |
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___ % develope _____ attachment style (huge levels of distress when caregiver leaves--positivity; when caregiver returns, not easily comforted, sometimes pushes away -- negativity)
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20
anxious-ambivalent |
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10 % develope _____ attachment sytle (lack of attachment)
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avoidant
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A ____ attachment fosters self-esteem, persistence, curiosity, and self-reliance, among other desirable trais.
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secure
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A ____ is a developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established.
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stage
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Stage theories assume that individuals must progress through a eries of specified stages in a paricular order and that development is marked by major______.
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discontinuities
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_____'s theory of personality development or stage theory proposes that individuals eveolve through 8 stages over the life span.
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Erikson
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In each stage the person wrestles with 2 opposing tendencies evoked by the stage's ______.
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psychosocial crisis
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Stage 1 (birth to age 1)
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Is my world supportive and predictable? |
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Stage 2 (2 to 3)
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Can i do things myself or must i always rely on others? |
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Stage 3 (3-6 years)
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Initiative vs. guilt
Am I good or bad? |
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Stage 4 (age 6 to puberty)
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Industry vs. Inferiority
Am I compentent or worthless? |
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Stage 5 (adolescense)
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Indentity vs. Confusion
Who am I and where am i going? |
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Stage 6 (early adulthood)
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
Shall I share my life with another or live alone? |
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Stage 7 (Middle adulthood)
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Generativity vs. Self-absorbtion
Concern for future genreations; Will i produce something of real value? |
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Stage 8 (Late adulthood)
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Integrity vs. despair
Have i lived a full life? |
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______ refers to transitions in youngster's patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving.
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cognitive devlpmnt
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_____'s stage theory of development proposed that children's thought processes go through a series of 4 major stages
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Piaget
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The _____ stage (birth to 2) involves the coordination of sensory input and motor reponses.
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sensorimotor
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The key advance during the sensori motor period is the child's grasp on the concept of _____ (when a child recongnizes that an object exists even when out of sight)
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object permanence
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The _____ period (2 to 7 years) is marked by certain deficenices in thinking--concentration, irreversibility, and egocentrism.
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peroperational
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Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.
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conservation
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_____ is the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem
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concentration
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____ is the inabilty to envison reversing an action
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irreversibility
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_____ in thinking is characterized by a limited abilyt to share another person's view point (do u have a sister? your sister have a sister?)
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egocentrism
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During the _____ period (7 to 11 years), children develope the ability to perform operations on mental represntations, making them capable of conservation and heirarchy classification.
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concrete operations
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The _____ period (11+) involves mastery over abstract concepts.
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formal operational
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Kohlberg's stage theory
At the ____ level, children think in terms of external authority. |
preconventional
Stage 1- Punishment orientation Stage 2 - Naive Reward oreintation |
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Kohlberg's stage theory
Older children at the _____ level see rules as necessary for maintaining social order. |
conventional
Stage 3 - Good boy/good girl orientation Satge 4 - Authority oreintation (society's rules follwed rigidly) |
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Kohlberg's stage theory
The ____ level involves working out a personal code of ethics. |
postconventional
Stage 5 - Social contract orientation (society's rule viewed as fallible) Stage 6- Individual principles and conscience orientation (abstract ethichal principles--equity and justice) |
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____ is the unquestioning adopiton of parental or societal values
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forclosure
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_____ is the active struggle for a sense of identity
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moratorium
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_____ is the absence of struggle for identiy, with no obvious concern about it.
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Identity diffusion
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______ is the successful achievement of a sense of identity
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identity achievement
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____ is a person's notion of a devlpmental schedule that specifies what he should have accomplished by certain points in life.
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social clock
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