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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 1
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woo!
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Hindsight Bias
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"I knew it all along" phenomenon, tending to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. Learning the outcome can make it seem like common sense. This opposed by Critical hinking and scientific inquiry.
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Overconfidence
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Human Tendency to believe we know more than we do
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that does not accept random arguments and conclusions without first researching assumptions, hidden values, evidence, and conclusions
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Population
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all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a stud.
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Random Sample
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. Not to be confused with random assignment. Random sampling allows conclusions to be generalized to a larger population
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Illusory Correlation
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The perception of a relationship where none exists.
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Why are Illusory Correlations formed?
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People are sensitive to dramatic or unusual events. They will remember the occurrence of these events wihtout noting also the occurrence of more expected events (ex. Positive thinker is cured of cancer; people do not notice that 2 positive thinkers die of cancer) and draw a correlation or notice a pattern where there isn't one.
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Correlation Coefficient
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Statistical measure of the strength between 2 factors.
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Positive Correlation
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(0-+1.00) the 2 factors rise or fall together
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Negative Correlation
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(0- (-)1.00) one item rises as the other falls
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Random Assignment
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assigning participants to expiremental and control conditions by chance. Minimizing pre-existing differences btwn. Those assigned to different groups (not to be confused with random sampling (usually assoc. with surveys) random assignment controls extraneous influence and helps pinpoint cause & effect.
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3 Types of Research methods
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1. Descriptive; 2. Correlational; 3. Experimental
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Descriptive Research method
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used to observe and record behavior; case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observation; Nothing is manipulated; con: single cases can mislead b/c you have no control over the variables
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Correlational Research Method
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used to detect naturally occurring relationship s and assess how well one variable predicts another; conducted by computing statistical associations; ntohing is manipulated; con: does not specify cause and effect
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Experimental Research method
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to explore cause and effect; manipulates 1 or more factors & uses random assignment; independent variables are manipulated; con: sometimes not feasible or unethical, results may not be generalizable
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Why is it important to know the amoung of variation in data
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because it helps us to better predict reliable averages. An average based on scores with low variability is more reliable that an avg based on scores with high variability.
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Range
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the difference between the highest and lowest scores of a distribution
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Standard Deviation
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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. A school that attracts students with a certain ability level will have a smaller standard deviation of intelligence scores than a college that accepts a more diverse community population.
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Statistical Significance
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statistical measure of the strength between 2 factors.
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What are the 3 principles that help determine whether samples are generalizable
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1. Representative Samples are better than biased ones;2. Less-variable observations are more relaible than those that are more variable; 3. More cases are better than fewer.
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What is the significance of "statistical significance"
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Indicates that the difference perceived is not likely due to chance; indicates the likelihood tha things will happen by chance but doesn not indicate the importance of the result (ex. Older siblings score higher on aptitude tests…but only by 1 point, not practically significant)
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How can bar graphs misrepresent data?
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Scale labees and ranges can be designed to visually deceive
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3 measures of central tendency
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median-middle score in a group; mode-most frequently occurring score; mean-arithmetic average(most easily distorted by a few extreme (high or low) scores)
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Culture
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enduring behaviors, ideas, atittudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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False Consensus Effect
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the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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Genetic Analysis
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heritability, gene expression
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Neurological Analysis
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neurotransmitters, cellular processes
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Brain systems Analysis
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neuroanatomy, brain functions
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Behavioral Analysis
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stimulus response
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Cognitive Analysis
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Metnal processes, algorithms of thought
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Indiviudual Analysis
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Diffs between people, personality
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Social Analysis
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Situations social & cultural pressures
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7 Levels of Analysis
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not topics but methods of analyzing things:Genetic, Neurological, Brain systems, Behavioral, Cognitive, Individual, Social
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