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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social-learning
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with focus on development through learning, behavioral changes resulting from the individuals forming associations between behavior and its consequences. Observe and imitate. Bogo doll study. NURTURE
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Constructivist
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piaget’s theory in which children, by striving to master their environments and searching for fits between their existing schemas and new experiences, progress through universal stages of cognitive development. Children have an active role in their learning. They work with their development. Blend between nature and nurture.
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Plasticity
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the degree to which, and the conditions under which, development is open to change and intervention. Critical periods example: birdsong
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Compare and contrast the views of Locke and Rousseau regarding development.
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Locke- clean slate Rousseau- innately good
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Correlation
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the condition that exists between two factors when changes in one factor are associated with changes in the other.
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Causation
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when the occurrence of one event depends upon the occurrence of a prior event.
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Microgenetic-
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researchers want to study something very specific trait at a very specific time
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Cohort-
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sequential designs- combines the two research desings by studying a several cohorts for a longitudinal period.
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two processes through which we can think of culture as being ‘inherited
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material and symbolic tools
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the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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Germ cells- sperm and ova. Meiosis
somatic cells- all other cells in body meitosis |
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heritability
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of a particular trait is the amount of phenotypic variation in a population that is due to genetic variation.
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ways that GENES seem to influence EXPERIENCE
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Passive- deals with environments
evocative- The way that people act to you because of your genes. If you have blonde hair you get that stereotype. Active- genes lead what environment you choose. if you are loud, you might be in the theater. |
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Niche picking-
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a quite person might pick to join a book club and continue to be quite. Natural traits influence what they choose to do in their envirnment.
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Epigenetics-
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studies the changes in genes that don’t involve change to the genetic code. Example: rat experiment.
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Scarr’s view about “good enough parenting"
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If you provide your child with what it needs to grow healthy, you cant chance what traits and abilities the child has implemented in genetics
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the three stages of prenatal development
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a. the germinal period- begins when mother and father germ cells are joined at conception and lasts until the developing organism becomes attached to the wall of the uterus. 10 days later
b. embryonic period- lasts until the end of the eighth week, when all the major organs have taken primitive shape. c. fetal period- begins 9th week after conception, with the first signs of the hardening of the bones and continues until birth |
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teratogen-
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environmental agents that can cause deviations from normal development and can lead to abnormalities or death.
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. Describe the findings of a study that suggests that learning occurs in the fetal period.
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Read dr. sues last couple weeks of pregnancy. Couple days old, had to suck to hear the same story one tube, or another story for another tube. Thirteen our of sixteen babies wanted the familiar story.
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APGAR
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Appearance
Pulse Grimace Activity-measures responsiveness. How able they are to move around Respiration |
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three of the newborn's reflexes
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No purpose- swimming, morol ( toes curl up). Important reflexes: Sucking and swallowing are important for surviving; to receive nutrients.
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social imitation becomes ...
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social referencing
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synaptic pruning?
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Use it or loose it
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categorical perception’
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The way in which infants can perceive the totally broad range of phonemes ( all the categories of speech sounds). Can start out to perceive all the different sounds of phonemes, but then loose it after they hear what will become their native language.
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How have researchers studied temperament in early infancy? List three dimensions (or traits) on which newborns have been found to vary in temperament.
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longitutinal study of babies. ask mama questions, look at test scores in preskool.
easy babies, difficult babies, slow to warm up babies. |
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How has the development of depth perception been studied? Describe one study, its results, and how you interpret the results.
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Piaget’s visual cliff study of the ledge with clear glass over it. mothers expressions had a lot to do with persuading the infants fear. social referencing
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intermodal perception
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two senses at onces
feel sucker, then can identify which one they sucked on |
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Habituation method
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gets familiar with a certain stimuli, so much that they become bored with it
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Experience-expectant-
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assimilation. Brain expects the environment to do certain things, which it does.
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Experience-dependent
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adaptation. Brain has to adapt to certain things in environment it wasn’t programmed to know.
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assimilation
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incorporation of new concepts into existing schemes
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accommodation
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the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences according to Jean Piaget
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primary circular reactions
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term piaget used to describe the infant's tendency to repeat pleasurable bodily actions for their own sake.
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schemes in the sensory-motor period-
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learned as a result of the building blocks that are reflexes. Built off the way how infants start to realize that they can do certain things in their environment with their reflexes
piaget type of structure |
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cognitive structures in the later stages-
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built not only from what they can learn from their environment from physical movement, but also what they know to be true about the world based on mental representation. Cognitive schemes are much more reactant on their environment. Making claims on how things operate in the world. Example: Object permanence.
piaget type of structure |
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piaget's sensorimotor development
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STAGE 1 (0-1 month) - exercising reflexes
STAGE 2 (1-4 mos.) - developing schemes (Primary Circular Reactions) STAGE 3 (4-8 mos.) - discovering procedures (Secondary Circular Reactions) STAGE 4 (8-12 mos.) - intentional behavior (coordination of schemes) STAGE 5 (12-18 mos.) - novelty and exploration (Tertiary Circular Reactions) STAGE 6 (18-24 mos.) - mental representation |
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2 main ways to assess object permenance
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visually search and manually search
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piaget's object permenance stages
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Stage 1 & 2 - nothing
Stage 3 - visual but not manual search Stage 4 - finds object in first location it is hidden (A-not B error aka Stage 4 error) Stage 5 - follows visible displacements but not invisible displacements Stage 6 - follows both visible and invisible displacements |
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Describe Baillargeon's research suggesting an alternative explanation for object permenance
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possible vs. impossible.
baby looked |
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infants’ developing sense of self (literally self awareness) and how it is measured
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. It can see something in its environment and know how it can interact with it. know it can walk through a door or under a table. They can tell if they can fit into that certain space. Also, the study of facial expressions. Can imitate other people and participate in certain social interactions.
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assimilation and accommodation
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assimilation- see horse, say its a dog
accommodation- finding out that horses are different then dogs because horses have a main and are bigger |
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strange situation results
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secure
insecure avoidant insecure resistant |
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What does research tell us about the impact of out-of-home care on infants’ development?
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more likely to be insecure avoidant
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Why do infants become attached?
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behaviorism, imprinting, monkey exp.
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Piaget’s Sensory motor period-0 to 2 years
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1. 0 to 1 month- exercising reflexes.
2. 1 to 4 months- first stage where there is development of schemes. First circular reactions happen. Accidently do something, opt to repeat it. Bob its head up and down, keep doing it. 3. 4- 8months- when infant starts to discover different procedure. Secondary circular reactions. Beginning that the infant realize that they have an affect on the environment. Don’t know how to use that knowledge. 4. 8-12 months- start to see development of intentional behavior. Intentionally affect the environment. Kick toy, make it spin. They will keep kicking. 5. 12 to 18 months- period of new exploration. A lot of trial and error. More complex reactions. (dropping a toy from different heights) 6. 18- 24 months- accomplish mental representation (object permanence). Ability to conceptualize objects. Imagine basic concepts. |
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Do infants have more cognitive credit then piaget gave them?
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Possible vs impossible carrot and block exp.
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Other forms of mental representation:
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pretend play, speaking words
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