Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
2 layers of endometrium
|
functional layer
basal layer |
|
|
what layer of endometrium is sloughed off during menstruation?
|
functional layer
|
|
|
which cells regenerate functional layer?
|
cells of basal layer
|
|
|
microscopic uterine aa. are branches of ...
|
uterine a.
|
|
|
arcuate arteries in myometrium branch into ___ and ____
|
arcuate arteries in myometrium branch to form STRAIGHT ARTERIES which supply the BASALIS
and SPIRAL ARTERIES which supply the FUNCTIONALIS |
|
|
which arteries supply the functionalis
|
spiral arteries, branches of arcuate arteries in myometrium
|
|
|
how are spiral arteries involved in necrosis of functionalis?
|
spiral arteries degenerate and regenerate during menstrual cycle
|
|
|
degeneration/menstrual phase = days _____ of ____ phase
|
days 1-4 of follicular phase
|
|
|
during menstrual phase, corpus luteum -->
|
corpus albicans
|
|
|
production of which hormones declines during menstrual phase?
|
estrogen & progesterone
|
|
|
what happens to which blood vessels in the uterus during menstrual phase?
|
spiral arteries constrict --> degeration of functionalis
|
|
|
proliferative phase of follicular phase, days _____
|
4-14
|
|
|
ovary releases what hormone during proliferative phase?
|
FSH --> follicle maturation
|
|
|
what hormone do granulosa cells produce during proliferative phase?
|
estradiol
|
|
|
during what phase does the functionalis regenerate?
|
proliferative phase of follicular phase
|
|
|
what hormone does ovary secrete during luteal phase?
|
LH
|
|
|
what happens to uterine glands during luteal phase?
|
glands enlarge, become convoluted and branched
distend with secretory material |
|
|
what nourishes fertilized ovum until placenta forms?
|
glycogen-rich secretions from uterine glands
|
|
|
what stage of gestation embeds in endometrium
|
blastocyst
|
|
|
fall in levels of what hormones produce contriction in spiral arteries?
|
progesterone and estrogen
|
|
|
average menstrual fluid volume lost per month
|
35 mL (10-80mL)
|
|
|
describe postovulatory cervical mucous?
what hormone drives these characteristics? |
increased viscosity, driven by progesterone
|
|
|
during pregnancy, cervical mucus...
|
forms a plug of very viscous material which reduces entry of microorganisms
|
|
|
site of cervical cancer
|
cervical epithelium
|
|
|
type of epithelium of cervix
|
simple columnar
|
|
|
estrogen produces what type of cervical mucus?
|
fertile/watery mucus
|
|
|
epithelium type on ectocervix
|
stratified squamous non-keratinized
|
|
|
endocervix epithelium type
|
abrupt change from columnar to stratified squamous
|
|
|
transformation zone in cervix
where? clinical significance? |
junction of ectocervix and endocervix
cervical cancer may arise here |
|
|
what indicates presence of dysplastic tissue in PAP test
|
presence of basophilic cells with larger nuclei
(normal cells are more acidophilic with pyknotic nuclei and various amounts of glycogen) |
|
|
function of relaxin
|
induces breakdown of collagen in cervix during late gestation
--> softening of cervix --> loosens joints, including pubic symphysis and plantar spring ligament (--> larger shoe size) |
|
|
what releases relaxin during pregnancy?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
|
is the vagina considered glandular?
|
NO
|
|
|
which vaginal cells synthesize glycogen?
|
epithelial cells
|
|
|
what uses glycogen in vagina
|
commensal bacteria use glycogen to produce lactic acid
|
|
|
what two things in the vagina increase with increasing estrogen during menstrual cycle?
|
thickness of vaginal epithelium
glycogen content |
|
|
how does stress result in amennorrhea?
|
stress increases CRH release
paracrine action of CRH inhibits GnRH |
|
|
general method of action for hormonal contraception
|
negative feedback to anterior pituitary gonadtrophs (analogous to constant luteal phase wrt E2 and progesterone levels)
absence of rising E2 levels and peak --> absence of LH surge --> absence of ovulation |
|
|
mechanism of progestin only contraception
|
prevent ovulation and LH surge
thicken cervical mucus impair implanation |
|
|
6 general effects of hormonal contraception
|
thickened cervical mucus
depressed corpus luteum reduced formation of dominant follicle reduced vaginal layers minimized development of endometrial glands altered transport in oviduct |
|
|
what cuases menopausal decrease in ovarian E2 and progesterone production?
|
ovarian atrophy
|
|
|
4 effects of declining E2 levels in menopause
|
hot flashes
atrophy of vaginal and urethral epithelium decrease in cervix xize and mucus secretion osteroporosis |
|
|
post-menopasual plasma E2 and progesterone are ____% of reproductive age levels
|
30-40%
|
|
|
post-menopausal testosterone plasma levels are about ___% reproductive age levels
|
75%
|
|
|
4 players important in successful fertilization
|
sperm
granulosa cells zona pellucida oocyte membrane |
|
|
secretions of what three cell types induce capacitation of sperm?
|
sperm
peg cells granulosa cells |
|
|
capacitation induces ___ & ____
|
acrosome reaction
hypermotility of sperm |
|
|
sperm binds to specific receptor on ______
|
zona pellucida (ZP3)
|
|
|
sperm binding ZP3 initiates ...
|
acrosome reaction
|
|
|
with the aid of acrosomal enzymes, the sperm burrows through _______ and enters ______ from where it can contact the _____
|
with the adi of acrosomal enzymes, the sperm burrows throught the ZONA PELLUCIDA and enters the PERIVITELLINE SPACEi from where it can contact the OOCYTE MEMBRANE
|
|
|
as the sperm enters the oocyte, the sperm membrane is incorporated into the _____
|
oocyte membrane
|
|
|
polyspermy produces....
|
nonviable offspring
|
|
|
prevention of polyspermy
|
Ca2+ enters oocyte --> release of cortical granules into region just external to oocyte membrane
|
|
|
action of contents of cortical granules
|
hydrolyze ZP3 receptor so that further binding cannot occur
|
|
|
zona reaction
|
hydrolyzation of ZP3 receptors by contents of cortical granules
|
|
|
after fertilization, the zygote and 1-3 polar bodies are surrounded by the _____
|
zona pellucida
|
|
|
how many polar bodies accompany the zygote?
|
1-3
|
|
|
zygote cleaves to become ____
|
morula
|
|
|
when does blastocyst form?
|
after zygote enters uterus
|
|
|
inner cell mass of blastocyst forms the ____
|
embryoblast
|
|
|
outer cell mass of blastocyst forms the ____
|
trophoblast
|
|
|
which part of blastocyst plays main role in implantation and formation of placenta?
|
trophoblast
|
|
|
when does zona pellucida degrade
|
after zygote enters uterus
before blastocyst implants |
|
|
days of implantation
|
day 6 to day 11 or 12
|
|
|
optimal time for implantation
|
day 20-24 of menstrual cycle
|
|
|
what does uterus produce that helps with implantation of trophoblast?
|
cell adhesion markers
|
|
|
what does trophoblast secrete that allows cells to penetrate endometrium?
|
hydrolytic enzymes
|
|
|
2 layers of trophoblast
|
cytotrophoblast
synctiotrophoblast |
|
|
cytotrophoblast
|
inner layer
stem cells for syncytiotrophoblast |
|
|
syncytiotrophoblast
|
outer layer
individual cells lose plasmalemmae and fuse together --> baglike cell |
|
|
what surrounds entire blastocyst?
|
syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
what hormone does syncytiotrophoblast produce?
|
hCG
|
|
|
action of hCG in pregnancy
|
binds LH receptors on corpus luteum and maintains production of progesterone by the corpus luteum
|
|
|
3 layers trophoblast burrows into:
|
between endothelial cells of endometrium
basal lamina of surface epithelium stroma of the endometrium |
|
|
what part of endometrium undergoes changes during pregnancy?
|
decidua graviditas
|
|
|
endometrium stroma changes during pregnancy
|
stroma cells differentiate into decidua cells
form a tight cellular matrix surrounding syncytiotrophoblast |
|
|
2 functions of decidua cells
|
secrete hormones
suppress immune response against embryo |
|
|
changes in uterine glands during pregnancy
|
enlarge initially, then become thinner as fetus grows
|
|
|
function of coiled arteries in pregnancy
|
key role in placental circulation
|
|
|
what hormone suppresses myometrial contractions?
|
progesterone
|
|
|
up to ___% of fertilized oocytes are spontaneously aborted, usually within the first ___ weeks
|
up to 50%
within the first 3 weeks |
|
|
2 causes of spontaneous abortion
|
chromosomal abnormalities
failiure to produce sufficent hCG |
|
|
chorionic villi
|
projections of trophoblast into endometrium
|
|
|
how does maternal blood enter embryo
|
lacunae form in trophoblast (w/in syncytiotrophoblast)
maternal capillaries near syncytiotrophoblast erod maternal blood enters lacunae |
|
|
when do lacunae become intervillous space?
|
when fetal capillaries extend into chorionic villi
|
|
|
fetal blood vessels are in the ____ of the chorionic villi
maternal blood vessels are in the _____ |
fetal blood vessels are in the CORE of the chorionic villi
maternal blood vessels are in the INTERVILLOUS SPACES |
|
|
is blood in the placenta directly confluent with maternal circulation?
|
no
|
|
|
diffusion path between maternal blood and fetal blood =
|
placental barrier
|
|
|
at thinnest point, placental barrier consists of what 6 layers?
|
syncytiotrophoblast
discontinuous cytotrophoblast layer basal lamina of trophoblast CT of villus basal lamina of fetal endothelium fetal endothelium of villus capillary |
|
|
is placental barrier made of fetal tissues, maternal tissues or both?
|
fetal tissues ONLY
|
|
|
what is chronionic villus sampling (CVS)
what is it used for |
biopsy of chorionic villus tissue (week 8)
used to assess possible chromosomal abnormalities |
|
|
what embryonic cell directly contacts maternal blood?
|
syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
on what layer of the placental barrier are specialized transporters found?
|
syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
the crucial endocrine organ of pregnancy
|
placenta
|
|
|
interaction between placenta and fetus =
|
fetaplacental unit
|
|
|
hormone levels used to assess placental, fetal and maternal health
|
relaxin - regulates cervical elasticity
hormones regulating maternal metabolism: leptin human placental lactogen |
|
|
when does hCG synthesis begin in the placenta?
|
gestational week 1
|
|
|
hCG maintains levels of what hormone early in pregnancy?
|
progesterone
|
|
|
hCG promotes the synthesis of what?
|
steroids from cholesterol
|
|
|
what hormone regulates hCG?
|
GnRH secreted by the cytotrophoblast
|
|
|
in male fetuses, hCG stimujlates the synthesis of ____ by ___cells
|
testosterone by Leydig cells
|
|
|
prolactin is secreted by what?
|
maternal anterior pituitary
|
|
|
Prolactin promotes...
|
estrogen and progesterone effects on mammary gland
|
|
|
prolactin secretion is stimulated by the rise in ____
|
estrogens
|
|
|
maternal pituitary enlarges during pregnancy due to _____
|
growth of lactotropes
|
|
|
effect of estrogen on milk secretion
|
high levels of estrogen block milk secretion
estrogen levels fall at parturition |
|
|
oxytocin regulates milk expression how?
|
regulates contraction of myoepithelium
|
|
|
during pregnancy, progesterone is supplied by the ____ initially
and by the _____ after 8 weeks |
during pregnancy, progesterone is supplied by the CORPUS LUTEUM initially
& by the PLACENTA after 8 weeks |
|
|
progesterone acts primarily on (maternal/fetal) tissues?
|
maternal
|
|
|
actions of progesterone during pregnancy (4)
|
changes in endometrial glands
suppresses myometrium motility promotes viscous cervical mucous plug inhibits GnRH, LH, FSH release by maternal pituitary |
|
|
estrogen production during pregnancy
|
first 8 weeks: estradiol from corpus luteum
after 8 weeks: estriol from placenta |
|
|
3 actions of estrogens during pregnancy
|
promotes hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myometrium
prmotes duct growth of mammary glands suppresses prolactin effects on mammary glands |
|
|
estriol is more/less biologically active than estradiol?
|
less
|
|
|
relative effects of androgens and estrogens are controlled in fetal compartment by ....
|
adding sulfate groups (lowers biological activity)
or removing sufates |
|
|
AFP
type of macromolecule produced by... action |
fetally produced glycoprotein
binds estrogens and regulates biological effectiveness of estrogens in fetal compartment |
|
|
AFP levels are an important indicator of...
|
neural tube formation
|
|
|
androgens (DHEA) are synthesized in fetal ____ & ____
|
fetal liver and adrenal glands
|
|
|
where is aromatase found in the fetoplacental unit?
|
placenta
|
|
|
formation of estriol
|
16-alpha OH DHEA = estriol precursor
synthesized by fetal liver converted to estriol by placenta |
|
|
series of ducts in mammary gland
|
15-20 lobes
each lobe has duct --> lactiferous sinus --> lactiferous duct --> opening in nipple |
|
|
alveoli of mammary glands
|
secretory cells
surrounded by myoepithelial cells |
|
|
what parts of mammary glands have estrogen and progesterone receptors?
|
stroma and epithelium
|
|
|
what parts of mammary glands have aromatase?
|
stroma and epithelium
|
|
|
changes in mammary glands during proliferating phase of pregnancy?
|
increased proliferation of ducts
formation of secretory alveoli reduction in CT increase in plasma cells and lymphocytes of stroma |
|
|
4 hormones regulating changes in mammary glands during proliferating phase of pregnancy?
|
estrogens
progesterone prolactin placental lactogen |
|
|
changes in mammary glands during lactation phase of pregnancy
|
further increase in secretory alveoli
further decrease in CT iniital secretions = colustrum |
|
|
differences btw colostrum & milk
|
higher protein
lower lipid contains IgA (passive immunity) |
|
|
mammary gland changes during menopause
|
alveoli and portions of terminal ducts atrophy
CT loses collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
BRCA cells have higher ____ase activity than nontransformed cells
|
aromatase
|
|
|
estrogen stimulus of breast development is based on ...
|
intracellular aromatase action on circulating androgens
|
