Pscyh Chp 6

Front 1

memory

Back 1

the process by which we observe, store and recall info / visual auditory and tactile

Front 2

encoding

Back 2

converting external sensory info into a code / acoustic, visual, semantic

Front 3

level of processing - 3

Back 3

degree to which info is elaborated, reflected and processed

1) phonemic processing - focusing on characteristics of language

2)shallow processing - focusing on physical charactersitics of the stimulus ex: recognition/patterns/repeition

3) deep processing - focusing on meaning of stimulus ex: he meet a _____ on the street

Front 4

enhancing encoding

Back 4

linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding

Front 5

visual imagery

Back 5

creation of visual images to represent the stimuli to be remembered ex: bicycles; abstract thoughts more difficult than concrete words

Front 6

dual-coding theory

Back 6

memory is enhaced by forming semantic or visual codes / ex: 2 memory codes are better than 1

Front 7

self-referent encoding

Back 7

making the material personally relevant and meaningful

Front 8

storage

Back 8

maintain in memory / episodic, procedural, semantic / actualy chemical changes in brain / hippocampus

Front 9

lobes - 4

Back 9

diff parts of lobes:
1) frontal - motor

2) parietal - perceptual

3) occpipital - visual

4) temporal - auditory

Front 10

retrieval

Back 10

recover from memory / recall, recognition / ease of retrieval depends on how info was encoded / more effort in encoding = more effectively retrieved

Front 11

memory measurement - 2

Back 11

1) recall - info must be reproduced ex: capitol of kenya

2) recognition - correct info is seleved from several options ex: multiple choice

Front 12

sensory registers

Back 12

holds info about a preceived stimulus for a fraction of a sec after stimulus dissapears / helps experiance constant flow of info / hold info long enough to be processed further / very high capacity

Front 13

types of storage - 3

Back 13

1) iconic - visual sensory registration

2) echoic - momentary memory for sound

3) selective attention - mental resources are focused only on part of stimuli around us

Front 14

short term memory

Back 14

stores small amount of info in consciousness / up to 30 sec

Front 15

working memory

Back 15

allows us to manipulate/work memory held in short term memory / solve problems / respond to enviormental demands/ working memory is active memory

Front 16

limited capacity

Back 16

memory span 7(+-)2 / limited duration: 20 sec w/out rehearsal

Front 17

chunking

Back 17

combining smaller units of info into larger ones

Front 18

central executive

Back 18

responsible for balancing out info in working memory

Front 19

long term memory

Back 19

facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiances may reside for a lifetime / unlimtited / retrieval depends on how deeply info was coded

Front 20

serial position effect

Back 20

tedency to remember info toward beginning and end of list than in the middle

Front 21

primacy effect

Back 21

when words at the beginning of a list are better remembered - reflects LTM

Front 22

recency effect

Back 22

when words at the end of a list are better remembered - reflects STM

Front 23

types of long term memory - 2

Back 23

1) declarative
2) porcedural

Front 24

declaraitive memory

Back 24

facts and events

1)semantic - generalized facts and knowledge

2) episodic - memories of particular events

Front 25

procedural memory

Back 25

"how to" knowledge of procedures

ex: riding a bike

Front 26

explicit memory - 2

Back 26

memories that you can consciously recall

1) recall - spontaneous conscious recollection of material from LTM (ex: 7 dwarves)

2) recognition - something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned (ex: multi choice exams)

Front 27

implicit memory

Back 27

expressed in behavior but does not require conscious recollection / skills / associated memory / ex: tying shoelace

Front 28

priming effects

Back 28

where prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or inhibits the processing of new info

ex: group of poeple deny seeing a word before but can fill in blanks

Front 29

forgetting

Back 29

inability to recall learned info

Front 30

ebbinghaus

Back 30

documented the rate of forgetting of info - initial rate of forgetting is high & then trails off

Front 31

why do we forget? - 2

Back 31

1) encoding failure

2) memory decay

Front 32

encoding failure

Back 32

STM did not enter long term memory / extra effort must be made from STM to LTM

1) rehearsing - shallow

2) semantic - deep

Front 33

memory decay

Back 33

fading memory trace / gradually fade even if properly encoded / more likely interference from new memories

ex: tip of the tongue phenomenom

Front 34

retrieval failure - 3

Back 34

memory trace is present in LTM but cannot be retrieved
1) inadequte cues
2) lack of encoding context (setting)
3) interference

Front 35

interference theory - 2

Back 35

intrustion of similar memories on one another / ex: 2 paths look alike / dominant theory in psych

1) retroactive - when new info intereferes w/old info

2) proactive - when previously stored info intereferes w/new info

Front 36

flashbulb memories

Back 36

vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events

ex: 9/11 - who, what, where, when how

Front 37

seven sins of memory - 7

Back 37

1) memories are transient (fade w/time)

2) we do not remember what we do not pay attention to

3) our memories can be temp blocked

4) we can misattribute source of memory

5) we are suggestible in our memories

6) we can show memory distortion (bias)

7) we often fail to forget things we would like not to remember (persistance of memory)

Front 38

amnesia - 2

Back 38

1) retrograde - loss of memories for events that occur prior to onset

2) anterograde - loss of memories for events that occur after onset

Front 39

prospective memory

Back 39

remembering to perform actions in future / factors influence success

1) event vs. time
2) habitual vs. infrequent

Front 40

retrospective memory

Back 40

remembering events from past of previously learned info / ex: what is name of 1st grade teacher