Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
personality
|
The pattern of enduring, distinctive characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.
|
|
psychodynamic approaches to personality
|
Approaches that assume that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.
|
|
psychoanalytic theory
|
Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
|
|
unconscious
|
A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
|
|
id
|
The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension cr e ated by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.
|
|
ego
|
The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.
|
|
superego
|
The personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior.
|
|
psychosexual stages
|
Developmental periods that children pass through during which they e n counter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
|
|
fixations
|
Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.
|
|
oral stage
|
According to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant’s center of pleasure is the mouth.
|
|
anal stage
|
According to Freud, a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child’s pleasure is centered on the anus.
|
|
phallic stage
|
According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals.
|
|
Oedipal conflict
|
A child’s intense, sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent.
|
|
identification
|
The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.
|
|
latency period
|
According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.
|
|
genital stage
|
According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse).
|
|
defense mechanisms
|
In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.
|
|
repression
|
The primary defense mechanism in which the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious. |
|
Carl Jung (pronounced “yoong”)
|
one of the most influential neo-Freudians, rejected Freud’s view of the primary importance of unconscious sexual urges.
|
|
neo-Freudian psychoanalysts
|
Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.
|
|
collective unconscious
|
According to Jung, an inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past.
|
|
archetypes
|
ccording to Jung, universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences
|
|
Karen Horney (pronounced “HORN-eye”)
|
suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child and how well the child’s needs are met.
|
|
Alfred Adler,
|
considered Freudian theory’s emphasis on sexual needs misplaced. Instead, Adler proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority, not in terms of superiority over others but in a quest for self-improvement and perfection.
|
|
traits
|
Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations.
|
|
trait theory
|
A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
|
|
Gordon Allport
|
there are three fundamental categories of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
|
|
Raymond Cattell
|
suggested that 16 pairs of traits represent the basic dimensions of personality. Using that set of traits, he developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, or 16 PF, a personality scale that is still in use today
|
|
Hans Eysenck
|
found that personality could best be described in terms of just three major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
|
|
“Big Five”
|
the most influential trait approach contends that five traits or factors
|
|
Albert Bandura
|
social cognitive approaches to personality
|
|
Self-Efficacy
|
is the belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes6
|
|
Walter Mischel
|
sees personality as considerably more variable from one situation to another (Mischel, 2009).
|
|
social cognitive approaches to personality
|
Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions— thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values—as well as observation of others’ behavior, in determining personality.
|