• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/34

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
personality
The pattern of enduring, distinctive characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.
psychodynamic approaches to personality
Approaches that assume that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.
psychoanalytic theory
Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
unconscious
A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
id
The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension cr e ated by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.
ego
The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.
superego
The personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior.
psychosexual stages
Developmental periods that children pass through during which they e n counter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
fixations
Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.
oral stage
According to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant’s center of pleasure is the mouth.
anal stage
According to Freud, a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child’s pleasure is centered on the anus.
phallic stage
According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals.
Oedipal conflict
A child’s intense, sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent.
identification
The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.
latency period
According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.
genital stage
According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse).
defense mechanisms
In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.
repression

The primary defense mechanism in which the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious.

Carl Jung (pronounced “yoong”)
one of the most influential neo-Freudians, rejected Freud’s view of the primary importance of unconscious sexual urges.
neo-Freudian psychoanalysts
Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.
collective unconscious
According to Jung, an inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past.
archetypes
ccording to Jung, universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences
Karen Horney (pronounced “HORN-eye”)
suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child and how well the child’s needs are met.
Alfred Adler,
considered Freudian theory’s emphasis on sexual needs misplaced. Instead, Adler proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority, not in terms of superiority over others but in a quest for self-improvement and perfection.
traits
Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations.
trait theory
A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
Gordon Allport
there are three fundamental categories of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
Raymond Cattell
suggested that 16 pairs of traits represent the basic dimensions of personality. Using that set of traits, he developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, or 16 PF, a personality scale that is still in use today
Hans Eysenck
found that personality could best be described in terms of just three major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
“Big Five”
the most influential trait approach contends that five traits or factors
Albert Bandura
social cognitive approaches to personality
Self-Efficacy
is the belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes6
Walter Mischel
sees personality as considerably more variable from one situation to another (Mischel, 2009).
social cognitive approaches to personality
Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions— thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values—as well as observation of others’ behavior, in determining personality.