Psch Ch. 7

Front 1

we can remove impediments to problem-solving, such as mental set and finctional fixedness

Back 1

what can we do to solve problems more efficiently?

Front 2

confirmation bias

Back 2

leads ppl to discount evidence that contradicts their prior beliefs and expectations

Front 3

representativeness heuristic

Back 3

leads ppl to make more of a given sample of data then they should

Front 4

availablity heuristic

Back 4

leads ppl to make snap decisions based on whatever info comes most readily to mind

Front 5

framing

Back 5

leads ppl to base decisions on how a problem is phrased rather than on the facts at hand

Front 6

the cognitive processes involved in creative thinking include the use of metaphor and analogy, conceptual combination, and conceptual expansion

Back 6

what cognitive processes underlie creative thinking?

Front 7

thinking

Back 7

psychologists generally define ______ as the mental representation and manipulation of info

Front 8

superordinate concept

Back 8

broadest mental category in a three-level conceptual heirarchy

Front 9

basic-level concept

Back 9

mental category most often used when identifying objects

Front 10

logical concept

Back 10

mental category with clearly defined rules for membership

Front 11

natural concept

Back 11

mental category w/ poorly defined rules for membership

Front 12

functional fixedness

Back 12

one mental roadblock to problem-solving is the inability to see how a familiar object can be used in new ways. this impediment is known as...

Front 13

analogy, algorithm

Back 13

a ____ is a problem-solving strategy that draws on past experience w/ similar problems, whereas a ______ is a set of step-by-step rules for solving problems.

Front 14

conceptual combination

Back 14

merging 2 or more concepts to produce novel ideas or applications

Front 15

-phonemes: basic units of sound
-morphemes: basic untis of meaning
-syntax: the rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered in sentences and phrases to express meaning
-semantics: the set of rules governing the meaning of words

Back 15

what are the major components of language?

Front 16

-according to Noam Chomsky, language development depends on an innate mechanism that is "prewired" in the human brain
-language development aslo depends on exposure to the speech others. thus, both nature and nurture are necessary

Back 16

how does language develop?

Front 17

in its original form, this hypothesis holds that language determines how we think and how we perceive the world. research findings fail to support this version of the hypothesis, but a weaker version, which holds that culture and language influence thinking, has some merit

Back 17

what is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Front 18

-scholars continue to debate the question of whether animals other than humans can use language. the answer may hinge on how we define language.
-research w/ chimps and gorillazs has shown that these primates are capable of learning elementary forms of communication--for example, manipulation of symbols to request food--but questions remain about whether these communication skills are quivalent to human language

Back 18

can nonhuman animals use language?

Front 19

grammar

Back 19

the set of rules governing the proper use of words, phrases and sentences

Front 20

phonemes

Back 20

the basic units of sounds in a language

Front 21

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Back 21

the belief that language determines how we think and perceieve the reality

Front 22

symbols

Back 22

some ppl believe that chimps and gorillas can use language b/c they have been able to manipulate _____

Front 23

intelligence

Back 23

the capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively w/ the environment

Front 24

-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
-Wechsler Scale
*both theses scales compute IQ on the basis of the deviation of a person's test score from the norms for the person's age group

Back 24

what standardized intelligence tests are generally used to measure intelligence?

Front 25

-standardization: generation of norms based on samples representative of the population
-reliability: stability of test scores over time
-validity: the test's ability to measure what it purports to measure

Back 25

what are the basic requirements of a good intelligence test?

Front 26

intelligence tests are misued when children w/ low scores are labeled as innately incapable or inferior, when too much emphasis is place on IQ scores, and when cultural biases in the tests put children from diverse cultural backgrounds @ a disadvantage

Back 26

what are some examples of the misuse of intelligence tests?

Front 27

-Spearman's concept of general intelligence or "g"
-Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
-Gardner's model of multiple intelligences
-Sternberg's triarchic theory
*some theorists favor the view that intelligence consists of a general cognitive ability, while others favor a model based on multiple abilities or even multiple intelligences

Back 27

what are some of the major theories of intelligence?

Front 28

Binet, Simon

Back 28

the first modern intelligence test was developed by Alfred ___ and Theodore ___

Front 29

mainstreaming

Back 29

a test's ability to measure what it is designed to measure