Psc Final

Front 1

making of common decisions for a group of people through the exercise of power by some members of the group over other members

Back 1

politics

Front 2

ability of one person to cause another to do what the first wishes, by whatever means

Back 2

power

Front 3

power in which A does what B desires not because of anything B says or does but because 1. A senses that B wants something done and 2. for any of a variety of reasons, A wishes to what B wants done

Back 3

implicit power

Front 4

power based on an observable action by A that causes B to do what A wants

Back 4

manifest power

Front 5

basic unit by which people are organized politically

Back 5

state

Front 6

academic field that takes as its sole and general task the analysis of politics

Back 6

political science

Front 7

political scientists who emphasize historical, anthropological, legal methods, and the complex whole that is being studied

Back 7

interpretive political scientists

Front 8

political scientists who emphasize statistical analysis and abstract theories seeking out basic, essential regularities across a set of events

Back 8

behavioralists

Front 9

theory that involves making a judgment about the world, not describing how it works

Back 9

normative theories

Front 10

theory describing how things work in the world we observe

Back 10

empirical theories

Front 11

set of ideas that are related and that modify one another; that is, an organized set of ideas about something

Back 11

ideology

Front 12

particularly concerned to make people equal, and it is relatively willing to entrust government with power to bring this about; it is also particularly concern to maintain freedom of expression

Back 12

American liberalism

Front 13

particularly suspicious of governmental intervention to make people more equal but is often willing to entrust government with power to maintain morality

Back 13

American conservatism

Front 14

ideology positing that the most important goal of politics is to help individuals develop their capacities to the fullest. people should be regulated and aided by governments as little as possible, so that they will learn from the experience of being responsible for their own decisions

Back 14

liberalism

Front 15

ideology positing that the most important goal of politics is to create stable communities based on a hierarchy of power in which leaders and followers have reciprocal responsibilities and obligations. Power should be in the hands of a traditional class of rulers

Back 15

conservatism

Front 16

ideology positing that society consists of classes constantly in conflict. To create a just society in which people are equal, the working class should take over the state and direct all industries

Back 16

socialism

Front 17

groups of people who share the same relationship to the means of production and who therefore develop a distinctive view of themselves and of the world

Back 17

classes

Front 18

militant branch of socialism. argue that the only way to build a socialist state is by revolution

Back 18

communism

Front 19

supports electoral democracy and holds that the proper way for workers to control society is to win elections. willing to settle for piecemeal progress rather than holding out for a complete remaking of society

Back 19

democratic socialism

Front 20

stresses militaristic pageantry and a strident nationalism as ways of binding the people to a single dramatic dictator

Back 20

fascism

Front 21

ideology emphasizing economic side of liberalism - free markets, free trade, and privatization of industries.

Back 21

neoliberalism

Front 22

group of people who share an identity that they think defines them and sets them apart from others

Back 22

identity group

Front 23

something that benefits all members of the collectivity and that no one can be prevented from using

Back 23

public good

Front 24

legal capacity of a geographic unit to maintain ultimate responsibility for the conduct of its own affairs

Back 24

sovereignty

Front 25

passionate identification with a nation on the part of its citizens

Back 25

nationalism

Front 26

developing a sense of nation to coincide with the boundaries of the state, so that emotions of nationalism will lodge on the state as well

Back 26

nation-state

Front 27

process of building/reconstructing a state

Back 27

state-building

Front 28

geographic entity with no effective central state apparatus, but controlled by various warlords and gangs in loose and fluid relationships with one another

Back 28

failed state

Front 29

group of people within their state who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of the state

Back 29

government

Front 30

state in which the government and bureaucracy are relatively insulated from political pressures of groups in the society

Back 30

autonomous state

Front 31

part of society that is organized and active, but neither controlled by the government nor focused on private concerns such as the family or economic activity

Back 31

civil society

Front 32

partial merging of the political and economic structures of several state in the same region of the world

Back 32

regional integration

Front 33

organization that provides a forum at which complaints can be aired, helps cool off conflicts between states, and seeks to improve world standards of health and education

Back 33

United Nations

Front 34

organization of 27 Western European states that have set up a rather weak common government and have coordinated many of their economic policies

Back 34

European Union

Front 35

selling to the public or by some other means transforming to private ownership economic enterprises that were previously owned and managed by the state

Back 35

privatization

Front 36

total value of all goods and services exchanged in a society

Back 36

gross domestic product

Front 37

puts the per capita GDPs of all states into a comparable unit

Back 37

PPP per capita GDP

Front 38

transfer of money that do not relate to production. Tend to pull money away from investment

Back 38

rent

Front 39

policy where states erected high tariffs against imports hoping to build their domestic industries

Back 39

import-substitution industrialization

Front 40

situation in which most prices are rising at the same time and the value of the currency is therefore declining in real terms

Back 40

inflation

Front 41

system of taxes that takes a greater proportion of a person's income if the income is high than if the income is low

Back 41

progressive taxation

Front 42

system of taxes that takes a greater proportion of a person's income if the income is low than if the income is high

Back 42

regressive taxation

Front 43

bank set up by a government to help handle its transactions, coordinate policies of private banks, and manage interest rate in the economy

Back 43

central bank

Front 44

improperly performing one's public tasks to receive personal benefits

Back 44

corruption

Front 45

concerned with how the economy affects the state and how the state affects the economy

Back 45

political economy

Front 46

posits what those goals are and then proceeds by deductive logic to demonstrate what political choices a person should make if those are his or her goals

Back 46

rational choice models

Front 47

focuses on how individuals both among political elites and ordinary citizens, make their own choices in political decisions

Back 47

political psychology

Front 48

German system by which corporations are legally required to include workers' representatives on their boards of directors

Back 48

codetermination

Front 49

situation in which people are treated as they deserve

Back 49

justice

Front 50

emphasizes people receiving what they need and deserve, whether on the basis of the contributions they make to common efforts, of their need for the rewards, or of at least approximate equality of treatment

Back 50

substantive justice

Front 51

less concerned with fairness of distribution to people than with the procedures by which decisions are reached about them

Back 51

procedural justice

Front 52

action in which the people affected do not know what to expect before the actions and do not learn afterward the grounds on which the action was chosen

Back 52

arbitrary action

Front 53

expectation that certain procedures must always be followed in making a policy and that if they were not, the policy should be void

Back 53

due process

Front 54

policy that gives the state the greatest benefits at the least cost

Back 54

effective policy

Front 55

whereby social choice results from choices of all members of the collectivity rather than from a decision made by the central governing unit

Back 55

market mechanism

Front 56

situation in which there are social costs or benefits beyond the individual costs and benefits involved in a transaction

Back 56

externality

Front 57

general form of government of a state, including its constitution and rules of government

Back 57

regime

Front 58

state in which qualified citizens vote at regular intervals to choose the people who will be in charge of setting the state's policies

Back 58

democracy

Front 59

formal democracy through fraud, intimidation, and control of communication, the same ruler stays in power indefinitely

Back 59

authoritarian democracy

Front 60

agreements between the leaders of the new democracy and supporters of the older authoritarian system that soften the change for the latter and help them to accept the democracy

Back 60

pacts

Front 61

transitions from an autocratic to a democratic system that take place in the context of an economic crisis

Back 61

crisis transitions

Front 62

governmental arrangement in which those who hold power did not gain power by any regular constitutional process and are not responsible in their exercise of power to any formal set of rules

Back 62

autocracy

Front 63

autocracy in which military officers rule, perhaps with the help of appointed civilians, but without any sort of auxiliary structure such a political party

Back 63

military government

Front 64

forceful deposition of a government by all or a portion of the armed forces and installation of a new military government

Back 64

coup

Front 65

state in which the government is based on a single political party, and no other party can function

Back 65

one-party state

Front 66

state in which the power to rule is inherited through descent in a family

Back 66

monarchy

Front 67

state ruled by a set of religious leaders

Back 67

theocracy

Front 68

power based on a general agreement that the holder of the power has the right to issue certain commands and that those commands should be obeyed

Back 68

authority

Front 69

interwoven network of associated activities through which people are involved in their communities and build a reservoir of trust and positive expectations about collective action

Back 69

social capital

Front 70

process of learning the facts, assumptions, and attitudes we use in responding to politics

Back 70

political socialization

Front 71

belief on that part of large numbers of people in a state that the existing governmental structure and/or the particular persons in office should appropriately wield authority

Back 71

legitimacy

Front 72

attitudes and beliefs held communally by a people, forming the basis for their political behavior

Back 72

political culture

Front 73

those who carry out political socialization: parents, schools, media, friendship groups

Back 73

agents of socialization

Front 74

set of rules by which power is distribution in a political group such as the state

Back 74

constitution

Front 75

situation in which those makes decisions on behalf of society benefit personally when their decisions benefit society

Back 75

incentive compatibility

Front 76

state in which no other governmental body but the central government has any areas of policy that are exclusively under its control

Back 76

unitary state

Front 77

state in which the constitution grants to regional governments in a legal monopoly over certain political decisions, such as educational policy

Back 77

federal state

Front 78

assurance that actions of the government are based on general principles that are applied equally to all people

Back 78

rule of law

Front 79

doctrine that states' constitutions should be designed fairly, not give undue advantage to any particular group, and that the government should then be faithful to that constitution

Back 79

consitutionalism

Front 80

group of officials who are linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization

Back 80

political party

Front 81

systematic stimulation of concerted effort by large numbers of people, as in elections or demonstrations

Back 81

mobilization

Front 82

personal identification with a political party; not just agreement with its policies or candidates of the moment but an enduring identification with the party itself

Back 82

party identification

Front 83

set of all parties in a state

Back 83

party system

Front 84

political system in which only a single political party is allowed to be active

Back 84

one-party system

Front 85

political party system in which various parties are allowed to function openly and with reasonable effectiveness but in which a single party nonetheless holds power all the time

Back 85

dominant-party system

Front 86

democratic system in which two parties regularly receive 90 percent or more of votes cast but in which it is rare for either of them to receive more than 55 or 60 percent of the votes

Back 86

two-party system

Front 87

democratic system in which there are more than two major parties

Back 87

multiparty system

Front 88

organized group of citizens that has as one of its goals ensuring that the state follows certain policies

Back 88

interest group

Front 89

benefits that can be given to some people people, and denied to others.

Back 89

selective incentive

Front 90

group representing a section of the economy

Back 90

sectoral interest group

Front 91

group that is primarily set up for some purpose other than political activity but becomes politically active to defend its interests in the policy decisions of the state

Back 91

institutional interest group

Front 92

an organized group of citizens, one of whose primary purposes is to affect the policies of the state

Back 92

promotional interest group

Front 93

system of govt and interest groups in which all interests organize and compete freely

Back 93

pluralism

Front 94

system of government and interest groups in which all interests are organized but instead of responding to groups' pressures, the government actively involves the groups themselves in the job of governing

Back 94

neocorporatism

Front 95

democracy in which the executive and legislative functions are merged in one institution, the parliament

Back 95

parliamentary government

Front 96

executive portion of a parliamentary govt

Back 96

cabinet

Front 97

executive figure in any state who is the symbolic focus of the state, and represents the state personally

Back 97

head of state

Front 98

serves a symbolic role, not participating in the making of political decisions

Back 98

constitutional monarch

Front 99

tactical combination of varied groups, constructed so that the groups will in combination be large enough to command power that they can then share among themselves

Back 99

coalition

Front 100

device by which cabinet members appear regularly in the parliament to answer questions from members about the administration of their offices

Back 100

question time

Front 101

group of legislators whose task is to review carefully a proposed piece of legislation and recommend to the full legislature what action should be taken on it

Back 101

legislative committees

Front 102

parliamentary government in which the adversarial relationship between the cabinet and the opposition parties is reduced through a variety of power-sharing devices

Back 102

consensus parliamentarism

Front 103

cabinet based on a coalition controlling less than a majority of votes in the parliament

Back 103

minority cabinet

Front 104

democratic system in which the legislature and executive exist independently and are elected independently of each other

Back 104

presidential government

Front 105

system in which a president with more than ceremonial power coexists with a premier and cabinet who are responsible to a parliament

Back 105

hybrid presidential government

Front 106

system under which a judicial of quasi- judicial part of the government can annul acts of other parts of the government if, in its judgment, those acts violate the constitution of the state

Back 106

constitutional review

Front 107

the set of people who are not involved directly in the making of major political decisions but who construct and implement the policies that carry out those decisions

Back 107

public administration

Front 108

way of organizing the public administration that emphasizes professionalism, recruitment, and promotion on the basis of merit, standardization of procedures, and the smooth flow of commands

Back 108

bureaucracy

Front 109

organization in which there is a single, branching path of power by which a person at the top of the structure issues a command to a set of people at the second tier, each of those in turn passes the command on to a set of people in the next tier, and so on.

Back 109

hierarchical command structure

Front 110

govt official whose primary duty is to seek out citizens' complaints of abuse by public administrators and to negotiate changes in the offending practices

Back 110

ombudsman

Front 111

idea that members of the public administration should be similar to the groups they serve in such characteristics as class, race, and gender, so that they will be able to serve them better

Back 111

representative bureaucracy

Front 112

specialized and executive members of the public administration, corresponding to professionals and managers in the private sector

Back 112

higher civil service

Front 113

civil servant in the central govt who oversees local and regional govts and bureaucracies, including elected ones.

Back 113

prefect