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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviorism
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Theory of learning and of personality
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Personality
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Bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning
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Personality doesnt _____ behaviors, it _____ of them
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cause; consists
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Individual differences in personality explained by
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Genetic factors
Contingencies in the enviroment -reinforcers and punishers |
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Determinism
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All actions are products of preexisting causal influences
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TABULA RASA
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Born with blank slate.
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Change in an organisms's behavior is a result of....
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...experience
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Empiricism
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all knowledge is from experience
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Non-associative learning
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Habituation -> Unchanging stimulus; decreasing response
Dishabituation -> Return of the original response level |
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Hedonic Treadmill
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Happiness is always same place; ups and downs but return to baseline. We habituate to happiness?
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Affective forecasting
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We are poor at predicting what will make us happy in the future
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Associative learning
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Learning about relationships between events
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Classical Conditioning
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Reflexive behavior
Passive |
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Operant Conditioning
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Active participation
Actions and Consequences |
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Unconditioned stimulus
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Natural - altoid
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Conditioned stimulus
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Learned - windows noise
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Acquisition
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Pairing the UCS and CS
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Extinction
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UCS withheld
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Generalization
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Conditioned response spreading across similar stimulus
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UCR and CR are always...
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..the same
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
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Classical Conditioning of food poisoning - may never become extinct
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Latent Inhibition
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Previous exposure to the stimulus with no harmful consequences inhibits the association
New foods are riskier than familiar foods |
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Learned Helplessness
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Feel helpless in the face of events we can't control
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People in a state of learned helplessness view problems as
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Personal\Internal
Pervasive\Global Permanent\Stable Associated with depression |
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Stimulus-Response
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Personality
-combination of stimuli and response situations |
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Law of Effect
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You learn when you study you get A's.
You learn when you drink you get D's |
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Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism
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Hedonism: Organisms learn for two reasons.
1. Seek pleasure 2. Avoid pain |
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Thorndike's puzzle box
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Pull string with trap door opens cat food.
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Instrumental Conditioning
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There was an instrument the cat needed to use in order to achieve goals
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Reinforcement
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Increases response
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Punishment
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Decreases response
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Positive
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Add stimulus
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Negative
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Remove stimulus
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Problems with Punishment
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Associating with punisher
-Fear -Learn to not get caught Ambiguity of punishment Does not teach appropriate behavior Aggression/Abuse |
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What makes an effective punisher
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Timing
Consistency Reinforce desired behavior Must be worth more than the bad behavior (Outweigh the pleasure of the bad behavior) |
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Behaviorist Approaches to Therapy
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Focuses on specific problem behavior and current variables that maintain the problematic thoughts or behaviors
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How to start a behaviorist approach?
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Start a behavioral assessment to pinpoint the environmental cause
-Functional analysis |
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Social Learning Theory
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Reaction to shortcomings of behaviorism
-Ignores motivation and cognition -Based on animal research -Ignores learning -Organisms treated as passive |
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Habit Hierarchy
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All of the behaviors an individual might do; ranked from most to least probable
-Rearranged by reward and punishment -Learning changes the hierarchy (personality) -Drives the likelihood of the currently dominant trait |
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Motivations and drives
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Drive
-Primary -Secondary Psychological conflict - approach/avoidance conflict |
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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Addresses the conflict between desire and fear.
1.An increase in drive strength increases tendency for approach or avoidance 2. Two competing goals? The stronger response wins 3. The tendency to approach increases as positive goal gets closer 4. The tendency to avoid increases as negative goal gets closer 5. Tendency 4 is stronger than 3 |
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Approach-Avoidance example
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I want ice cream, but i dont want to gain weight.
If wedding is far away, ice cream wins. If wedding is close, exercise wins |
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Approach-Approach example
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I want to go to Stanford, but I want to relax too.
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Avoidance-Avoidance example
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I don't want to go to the dentist, but i don't want this toothache either
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Learning Theory Predictions
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People are willing to commit to behaviors when they are farther off in time
Regret increases as the event gets closer |
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Rotter Social Learning Theory
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Primary concerns: decision making and role of expectancy
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Expectancy Value Theory
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Decision are determined by the presence or size of reinforcements AND beliefs about the likely results of behavior
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Expectancy
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Belief about how likely it seems that the behavior will attain its goal
-Specific and general -Locus of control Internal External |
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Reciprocal Determinism
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We choose the environment we put ourselves into
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Thinking causes personality
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Mediates Classical and Operant
Learning relies on out plans and goals How we interpret environment affects out reactions |
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Observational Learning
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Much learning occurs by watching
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Contributions of Learning Approaches to Personality
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Psych is an objective science
Recognizes people's behavior depends on the environment Contributed a tech of behavior change |
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Limits of Learning Approaches to Personality
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Unclear whether behavioral therapies are generalizable or long-lasting
Under appreciates the degree to which the charachteristic ways people think can cause them to respond differently to the same situation |
