Psc 161 Midterm 3

Front 1

Self Presentational Behavior

Back 1

Any behavior intended to create, modify, or maintain, an impression of ourselves in the minds of others.

Front 2

Self-Presentational Tradeoff

Back 2

-Beneficiality: Presenting the most advantageous image possible
-Believability: making sure that the image is believable

Front 3

Why do People Engage in Self-Presentation?

Back 3

-Facilitate Social Interaction- makes interactions go more smoothly
-Gain Material and Social Rewards
-Self-Construction- doing so allows us to gain verification and confidence in who we are. Construct image of ourselves that is verified by others.

Front 4

Facilitate Social Interaction (Erving Goffman 1922-1982)

Back 4

We maintain a “Front” in order to uphold and maintain social norms and role-prescribed behavior.

Front 5

Front

Back 5

that part of the individual’s performance which regularly functions in a general and fixed fashion to define the situation for those who observe the performance”

Front 6

Facework

Back 6

The process by which threats to an individual's face are managed and maintained during social interactions and can be used in a preventative way so that the occurrence of threats can be minimized before the threats are issued.

Front 7

Face

Back 7

the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact.

Front 8

Example of Facework

Back 8

- meet up with an old friend at a conference
-Friend tells you about how well he is doing
-You privately know that things are not going as well as your friend describes
-But you go along with your friend’s depiction anyway
-It would be awkward and socially inappropriate to cause loss of face.

Front 9

Gain Material and Social Rewards

Back 9

It is often in our best interests to have others view us in a particular way (job interview)

Front 10

Strategic Self-Presentation

Back 10

a form of social influence in which one person (the self-presenter) attempts to gain influence over another (the audience).

Front 11

Social Construction

Back 11

-We present ourselves in a particular way in order to construct a particular identity for ourselves
- more of a private personal function
-Convincing others of a particular social identity is a way of convincing ourselves
-Use of social symbols

Front 12

Five Strategies of Self-Presentation

Back 12

1. Ingratiation
2. Self-Promotion
3. Intimidation
4. Exemplification
5. Supplication

Front 13

Ingratiation

Back 13

Goal: Get the other person to like you
Behaviors: Compliments, favors, flattery
Risks: May be seen as insincere and deceitful; But people are surprisingly willing to accept flattery at face value.

Front 14

Self-Promotion

Back 14

Goal: Convince people of your competence; that you are capable, intelligent, talented
Behaviors: Boasting, showing off; tooting your own horn
Risks: Being seen as conceited or fraudulent

Front 15

Intimidation

Back 15

Goal: to be feared by others
Behaviors: Threats
Risks: Being seen as ineffectual or being reviled- if threats are not followed through

Front 16

Exemplification

Back 16

Gain: Moral authority
Goal: Create the impression that you are morally superior, virtuous, or righteous
Behaviors: Self-denial, martyrdom, exaggerate one's suffering
Risks: Being seen as sanctimonious or hypocritical

Front 17

Supplication

Back 17

Goal: to be seen as helpless
Behaviors: Publicly exaggerate weaknesses and deficiencies; self-deprecate
Risks: can be seen as manipulative or demanding

Front 18

Individual Differences in Self-Presentation

Back 18

Self-monitoring and Public Self-consciousness

Front 19

Self-Monitoring

Back 19

The degree to which people monitor and control their behavior in public situations

Front 20

High Self-Monitors

Back 20

-Social Chameleons
-Regard themselves as highly pragmatic and flexible people
-Strive to be the right person for every occasion
- Pay more attention to the behaviors of others
-Prefer to enter situations that proved clear guidelines for behavior
-Are more adept at reading other peoples' facial expressions
-Are better at communicating a wider array of emotions

Front 21

Low Self-Monitors

Back 21

-Regard themselves as highly principled people
-Look inward and use their attitudes to guide behavior
-Strive to be themselves in social situations

Front 22

Public Self-Consciousness

Back 22

-The extent to which people focus on the public, observable aspects of themselves
-they are very aware of themselves as a social object
-They think a lot about their public appearance
-Self-handicap more

Front 23

Self-Monitoring versus Public Self-Consciousness

Back 23

-The two tend to be correlated
-Self-monitoring is a motivational orientation
-People high in public self-consciousness
- Do not necessarily change who they are in response to the situation
- Do not necessarily seek out opportunities to "put on a show"

Front 24

Identity Predicaments

Back 24

-Situations in which one's public identity is threatened- faux pas, blunder, poor performance

Front 25

Dealing with Identity predicaments

Back 25

-Account giving
-Preemptive excuse making (claimed self-handicapping)
-Behavioral self-handicapping

Front 26

Account Giving

Back 26

Strategies of mitigating negative implications of identity predicaments
-claim innocence
-Reinterpretation
-Justification
-Excuse
-Apology

Front 27

Preemptive Excuse Making

Back 27

-Pointing out to others that we possess a characteristic that negatively affects performance
-Excuse is provided before the actual behavior

Front 28

Behavioral Self-Handicapping

Back 28

-Actively creating an excuse for failure; handicapping oneself
-Protects oneself from negative ability attributions; leads to both discounting and augmenting
-Examples: Procrastination; Staying up late; Drug or alcohol use

Front 29

Perceptions of the Self-Handicapper

Back 29

After a failure, self-handicappers are assigned less blame than non-self-handicappers.
Can also lead to negative impressions of character, especially if the handicap is self-caused
-Important whether it seems strategic- cannot be viewed as intentional

Front 30

Imposter Phenomenon

Back 30

-Inability to internalize one's accomplishments
-Discrepancy between one's self-image and image that others hold
-Worry about being "found out"

Front 31

When Social Worlds Collide

Back 31

Example: Throw a party and invite friends from high school and new friends from college.
Can be problematic if your self=image differs for those two audiences

Front 32

Multiple Audience Problem (van Boven et. al., 2000)

Back 32

-Participant pretends to be a party animal when meeting with Observer 1
- Participant pretends to be a studious nerd when meeting with Observer 2
-Participant has to interact with Observer 1 and 2 simultaneously and maintain those impressions
-Results: People can portray two different images when the different audiences come together but people are not as good as they thought they would be.

Front 33

Self-Presentation requires Self-Regulation

Back 33

It requires self-regulatory resources to maintain a particular public impression.
Particularly when impression runs counter to our real self.
Implications: it will be hard to accomplish other tasks while also trying to self-present; when self-regulatory resources are depleted, we will be less successful at self-presentation

Front 34

The Executive Function of Self

Back 34

Enables the self to:
-make choices
-Initiate actions
-Exert control overs self and world
It is experienced when:
-one weighs options
-makes a clear decision
-forces oneself to do something
-restrains an impulse

Front 35

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
Basic Goals we all pursue

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1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love/Belonging
4. Esteem
5, Self-actualization

Front 36

The Self-Actualized Person

Back 36

-independent and autonomous
-Remain true to themselves in the face of unpopularity
-non-defensive and easily accepting of others
-Identity with the welfare of other people

Front 37

Self-actualization

Back 37

Becoming the person that one has the potential to become

Front 38

Goal Striving (Emmons, 1992,1997)

Back 38

People vary in their construal of personal strivings:
-degree of commitment
-Anticipated outcome of goal pursuit
-Appraisal of threats/demands in goal pursuit
-Level of abstraction
People vary in the organization of their strivings within a goal system:
-level of inter-goal conflict
-Goal differentiation- the extent to which people perceive their goals as distinct
-Goal integration- extent to which people can possess superordinate goal categories that connect different subgoals

Front 39

Personal Strivings

Back 39

goals a person regularly tries to attain

Front 40

Consequences of Construal and Organization

Back 40

Affects goal engagement:
- Perception of threat=less goal engagement
- higher inter-goal conflict= less goal engagement; greater negative affect
Can also affect well-being:
- High levels of inter-goal conflict and high level of abstraction= greater depression and distress
- High goal integration= greater commitment and success in achieving goals

Front 41

Goal Orientations

Back 41

Performance Goal
-concerned with maintaining positive image
-performance-approach: approach demonstrating ability
-performance-avoidance: avoid demonstrating lack of ability
Mastery Goal
-concerned with developing ability
-Acquiring skills to master task

Front 42

Construal Level Theory

Back 42

People from more abstract representations, or higher level construals, of psychologically distal goal than psychologically proximal goa.l

Front 43

Consequences of Construal Level Theory

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-Attractiveness of activities might change as they become nearer in time
- Weighting of interest versus feasibility may change
-Commitment to goal may wane

Front 44

Forms of Motivation

Back 44

Intrinsic: motivations to engage in a task for its own sake
Extrinsic: Motivation to engage in a task for some external reward

Front 45

Turning Play into Work (Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973)

Back 45

Observed that 3-5 year old kids love playing with magic markers.
Divided kids into 3 groups to see whether providing external rewards would undermine intrinsic motivation (overjustification effect)
Children engaged in play session with markers
Markers returned to classroom two weeks later and interest was assessed
Results:
Kids in the expected reward condition played with the markers for the least amount of time.

Front 46

Flow

Back 46

a nice experience in which you are fully present in the moment. There is no room in your awareness for conflicts or contradictions. You lose track of time and want it to last forever.
Flow occurs when a person faces a clear set of goals that require appropriate responses
Flow also happens when a person's skills are fully involved in overcoming a challenge that is just about manageable.
Flow promotes success in goals

Front 47

Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985)

Back 47

The theory focuses on the degree which human behaviors are volitional or self-determined. That is, the degree to which people endorse their actions at the highest level of reflection and engage in the actions with a full sense of choice.
Three primary psychological needs lead to intrinsic motivation: Need for competence; need for autonomy; need for relatedness