Psc 1

Front 1

acquisition

Back 1

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned response and unconditioned stimuli. (See page 229)

Front 2

behavior modification

Back 2

The use of operantconditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. (See page 247)

Front 3

classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

Back 3

A type of learned response; a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. (See page 227)

Front 4

cognitive map

Back 4

A visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. (See page 248)

Front 5

conditioned response (CR)

Back 5

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned. (See page 227)

Front 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 6

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. (See page 227)

Front 7

continuous reinforcement

Back 7

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. (See page 244)

Front 8

extinction

Back 8

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus. (See page 229)

Front 9

fixed schedule

Back 9

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time. (See page 245)

Front 10

habituation

Back 10

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a nonthreatening stimulus. (See page 260)

Front 11

interval schedule

Back 11

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time. (See page 245)

Front 12

latent learning

Back 12

Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement. (See page 249)

Front 13

law of effect

Back 13

Thorndike’s general theory of learning: Any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an "annoying state of affairs" is less likely to occur again. (See page 240)

Front 14

learning

Back 14

A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience. (See page 225)

Front 15

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 15

The strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated. (See page 261)

Front 16

meme

Back 16

A unit of knowledge transmitted within a culture. (See page 251)

Front 17

mirror neurons

Back 17

Neurons that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs the action that was observed. (See page 255)

Front 18

modeling

Back 18

The imitation of behavior through observational learning. (See page 254)

Front 19

negative punishment

Back 19

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring. (See page 243)

Front 20

negative reinforcement

Back 20

The removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated. (See page 242)

Front 21

observational learning

Back 21

The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior. (See page 251)

Front 22

operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Back 22

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future. (See page 239)

Front 23

partial reinforcement

Back 23

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently. (See page 245)

Front 24

partial-reinforcement extinction effect

Back 24

The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. (See page 246)

Front 25

phobia

Back 25

An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation. (See page 231)

Front 26

positive punishment

Back 26

The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring. (See page 243)

Front 27

positive reinforcement

Back 27

The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated. (See page 242)

Front 28

ratio schedule

Back 28

A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs. (See page 245)

Front 29

reinforcer

Back 29

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. (See page 240)

Front 30

Rescorla-Wagner model

Back 30

A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising. (See page 236)

Front 31

sensitization

Back 31

An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus. (See page 261)

Front 32

shaping

Back 32

An operant conditioning technique, consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. This technique can be used to train animals to perform extraordinary behaviors. (See page 241)

Front 33

spontaneous recovery

Back 33

A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus. (See page 230)

Front 34

stimulus discrimination

Back 34

A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. (See page 230)

Front 35

stimulus generalization

Back 35

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. (See page 230)

Front 36

unconditioned response (UR)

Back 36

A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex. (See page 227)

Front 37

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 37

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning. (See page 227)

Front 38

variable schedule

Back 38

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided at different rates or at different times. (See page 245)

Front 39

vicarious learning

Back 39

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action. (See page 255)