Ps21 Quiz 2

Front 1

social revolution

Back 1

the rapid, fundamental, and often violent transformation of state structure, class structure, and dominant ideology, which is accompanied by mass-based revolt from below

Front 2

3 requirements to fit definition of revolution

Back 2

existing regime toppled by mass-based rebellion
old state must collapse
new elites must build new state and start from scratch

Front 3

2 reasons revolution is rare

Back 3

difficult to sustain a mass uprising
states are robust and do not collapse easily

Front 4

misery breeds revolt

Back 4

the more people suffer, the more likely revolution is to occur

Front 5

leadership theory of revolution

Back 5

professional revolutionaries take advantage of poverty, dissatisfaction to lead revolutions
(not just about leader; structural conditions matter)

Front 6

Marxist Theory of Revolution

Back 6

those classes who are not benefiting challenge the system
inevitable and critical

Front 7

Relative Deprivation Theory

Back 7

frustrated expectations for economic conditions leads to revolution
expectations have to have been rising for some time

Front 8

2 problems with revolution theories

Back 8

overestimate poor's ability to rebel (collective action problem)
underestimate ability of state to resist rebellion

Front 9

collective action problem and revolution

Back 9

participation for individuals has high costs and few benefits (free rider problem must be overcome for revolution)

Front 10

reason for state power to resist revolution

Back 10

control coercive apparatus

Front 11

state-centered approach to social revolution (Skocpol)

Back 11

combination of state weakness and peasant insurrection makes revolution possible

Front 12

reasons for vulnerability of agrarian bureaucracies to revolution (Skocpol)

Back 12

state not autonomous from landowners; cannot weaken their role
cannot tax rich or poor
weak coercive apparatus due to low revenue, military defeat

Front 13

conditions that make peasant rebellion more likely (Skocpol)

Back 13

internal solidarity (sustains collective action)
autonomy (live separately from landowners)

Front 14

problems with Skocpol's structural theory

Back 14

not very voluntaristic
discounts ideology as solution to collective action problem
multiclass revolutionary coalition and permissive int'l community also needed

Front 15

3 paths to industrialization

Back 15

private sector-driven
state-driven
mixed

Front 16

the difference between industrialization and modernization

Back 16

modernization includes social and political changes

Front 17

advanced industrial nations

Back 17

high GDP
industrialized during 19th century
eliminated basic problems decades ago
majority in middle class

Front 18

newly or moderately industrial nations

Back 18

medium GDP
industrialized 1950-2000
citizens not quite as wealthy

Front 19

middle income nations

Back 19

some industrialization but uneven
major cities are developed
huge pockets of poverty

Front 20

low income

Back 20

very low GDP
lack basic services
not industrialized
majority of countries

Front 21

Weber's cultural approach to capitalist development in the west

Back 21

Protestant values (individualism, hard work, etc) made capitalism possible

Front 22

Modernization theory (Lipset, Ulmand)

Back 22

countries in the developing world can develop economically and politically in one generation to resemble West

Front 23

modernization theory ignores 4 things:

Back 23

cultural differences
historical timing
international economy
relative state power

Front 24

theory of relative backwardness

Back 24

when neighbors are developing, there is pressure to develop because of military survival of the fittest but existing inventions (steel, railroad, etc) makes industrialization easier

Front 25

dependency theory

Back 25

unequal and exploitative relationship between core and periphery leads to permanent underdevelopment of 3rd world

Front 26

ISI

Back 26

import substitution industrialization
protecting infant industries by limiting imports
used by NICs until 1960s

Front 27

NICs and Neoclassical Economic theory

Back 27

focused on exports like NET recommends but did not focus on comparative adv., rather jumped to heavy industry and was state-led and funded

Front 28

3 traits of developmental state

Back 28

autonomous (able to formulate and pursue goals independent of social gropus)
interventionist (plays major role in economy, regulates trade)
business friendly (state intervenes on behalf of business)

Front 29

why developmental states must be authoritarian (4 reasons)

Back 29

state officials must be insulated from democratic pressure
policies must be sustained for long periods
wages must be kept low

Front 30

EOI

Back 30

export oriented industrialization, used in NIC since 1960s

Front 31

why can't NIC model be generalized?
difficult to create developmental state because

Back 31

born of very specific historical conditions
- tons of economic and military aid
- U.S. opened markets
- particularly good time to be exporting

Front 32

Przeworski's empirical study

Back 32

found that as GDP per capita rises, probability of democracy rises

Front 33

endogenous explanation for correlation between democracy and GDP

Back 33

democracy is the final stage of development (very thin empirical support: no magic GDP threshold for democratization)

Front 34

exogenous explanation for correlation between democracy and GDP

Back 34

democracy survives because of economic development but develops independently (some empirical support)
cost of dictatorial takeover increases with GNP
wealthy gov'ts do not have to choose between growth and feeding people

Front 35

how is democracy bad for growth (3 reasons)?

Back 35

newly enfranchised poor want social programs, undercutting funding for growth
left-wing policies could support short-term consumption instead of long-term growth
politicians will be populist and spend money on increasing wages, benefits

Front 36

how is democracy good for growth? (4)

Back 36

democracies are better at constraining leaders (holding them accountable)
better at protecting property rights
dem based on free choice, individual pursuit, capitalist activity
better flow of information prevents economic collapse

Front 37

what is regime's effect on growth in poor countries?

Back 37

it makes little difference; nature of poverty leaves no room for development and makes state weak

Front 38

regime type and growth rates

Back 38

only dictatorships have ever had growth over 7% or under 1%
democracies have more stable growth and avoid disasters like famine

Front 39

competitive authoritarianism

Back 39

a state with formal democratic institutions that are repeatedly violated by its leaders to retain control

Front 40

partial reforms

Back 40

reforms in Russia that were intended to promote the free market but the state kept control over the economy

Front 41

oligarchs

Back 41

those that controlled businesses in Russia and were very powerful

Front 42

collective action problem

Back 42

the high costs and low benefits of participating in a revolution create a free rider problem

Front 43

relative backwardness

Back 43

the theory that unmet expectations for development leads to frustration that will eventually cause revolution

Front 44

dependency and dependent development

Back 44

an unequal and exploitative relationship between core nations and periphery nations

Front 45

core and periphery

Back 45

core - developed countries
periphery - developing countries

Front 46

state autonomy

Back 46

the independence of state bureaucracy from the demands of its people that allows developmental states to employ unpopular reforms

Front 47

developmental state

Back 47

an authoritarian state that deploys long-term, often unpopular reforms in order to bring about quick development

Front 48

neoclassical economics

Back 48

the economic theory that free trade and lack of state intervention is the best path to development