Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What percentage has a psychological disorder?
|
22%
|
|
|
What are some of the Historical explanations of Abnormal Behaviors?
|
Demonic possession
Physical diseases Products of psychological conflicts Learned maladaptive behaviors Distorted perceptions of the world |
|
|
Which is the model that we use to explain abnormal psychology?
|
The Vulnerability-Stress Model
The idea is the genetic, bio, psychological traits, among other factors make you vulnerable to stresses including economic, environmental, interpersonal, or occupational setbacks |
|
|
How do we classify abnormality?
|
The three D's
Distress Dysfunction Deviance |
|
|
DISTRESS
|
Judgments of abnormality most likely when distress is disproportionately acute or long-lasting
|
|
|
DYSFUNCTION
|
Either for individual or for society
|
|
|
DEVIANCE
|
From cultural norms
|
|
|
WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?
|
Behavior that is so:
Personally distressful Personally dysfunctional Culturally deviant that others judge it as inappropriate or maladaptive |
|
|
WHAT TWO CRITERIA DO WE USE TO DIAGNOSE ABNORMAL B.?
|
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
|
|
|
VALIDITY
|
Diagnostic categories should accurately capture essential features of disorders
|
|
|
RELIABILITY
|
Clinicians should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions
|
|
|
DSM-IV
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
Most widely used classification system in U.S. |
|
|
DSM-IV Axes
|
Axis I: Primary clinical symptoms
Axis II: Long-standing personality or developmental disorders Axis III: Relevant physical conditions Axis IV: Intensity of environmental stressors Axis V: Coping resources as reflected in recent adaptive functioning |
|
|
Anxiety Disorder
|
Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them
Anxiety interferes with daily life |
|
|
Components of Anxiety Responses
|
Subjective-emotional
Cognitive- constant worry Physiological Behavioral |
|
|
GAD
|
Chronic state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety
Anxiety not attached to specific objects or situations |
|
|
PANIC DISORDER
|
Panic occurs suddenly and unpredictably
Much more intense than typical anxiety |
|
|
Agoraphobia:
|
Fear of open and public spaces from which escape would be difficult
|
|
|
Social phobias:
|
Fear of situations in which evaluation might occur
|
|
|
Phobias
|
Strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations
|
|
|
Obsessions
|
Repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses
|
|
|
Compulsions
|
Repetitive behavioral responses
|
|
|
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
|
Severe anxiety disorder
Can occur in people exposed to extreme trauma |
|
|
Symptoms of PTSD
|
Severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal, and distress
Reliving of trauma in flashbacks Numb to world and avoidance of reminders Intense “survivor guilt” |
|
|
Biological Factors in Anxiety
|
Overreactive autonomic nervous system
Overreactive neurotransmitter systems involved in emotional responses Overreactive right hemisphere sites involved in emotions |
|
|
Evolutionary Factors in Anxiety
|
Biological preparedness
Makes it easier for us to learn to fear certain stimuli |
|
|
Psychodynamic Theory in Anxiety
|
Neurotic anxiety
Occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego’s defenses |
|
|
Cognitive Factors
|
Maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs
Exaggerated misinterpretations of stimuli |
|
|
Learned Responses
|
Result of “emotional conditioning” (Öhman, 2000; Rachman, 1998)
Classically conditioned fear Observational learning |
|
|
Somatoform Disorders
|
Involve physical complaints that suggest a medical problem
But no biological cause |
|
|
Hypochondriasis
|
Great alarm about physical symptoms
Convinced of serious illness |
|
|
Conversion Disorder
|
Serious neurological disorders suddenly occur
e.g., paralysis, loss of sensation, blindness |
|
|
Malingering
|
refers to an individual fabricating or exaggerating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of motives
|
|
|
Munchausen’s by proxy
|
Malingering by proxy
Incidence (Tanaka-Matsumi & Draguns, 1997) Higher in cultures that: Discourage open discussion of emotions Stigmatize psychological disorders WOMEN |
|
|
Dissociative Disorders
|
Breakdown of normal personality integration
Results in alterations to memory or identity |
|
|
Psychogenic Amnesia
|
Response to stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss
|
|
|
Psychological Fugue
|
Loss of all sense of personal identity
Establishment of new identity in a new location |
|
|
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
|
Formerly called multiple personality disorder
Two or more separate personalities coexist in the same person |
|
|
Causes of DID
|
Trauma-Dissociation Theory
Development of personalities is a response to severe stress |
|
|
Critics of DID say
|
Large increase in cases in recent years
Are personalities unintentionally implanted by overzealous therapists? |
|
|
Major Depression
|
Intense depressed state
Leaves people unable to function effectively in their lives |
|
|
Dysthymia
|
Intense form of depression
Less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning More chronic than major depression |
|
|
Symptoms of Depression
|
Negative mood
Cognitive symptoms Motivational symptoms Somatic (physical) symptoms |
|
|
Negative Mood in Depression
|
Sadness, misery, loneliness
Loss of capacity for psychological, biological pleasures |
|
|
Cognitive Symptoms of Depression
|
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Low self-esteem Feelings of inferiority Blame selves for failures Pessimism and hopelessness |
|
|
Motivational Symptoms of Depression
|
Inability to get started on task
Inability to perform behaviors leading to pleasure or accomplishment |
|
|
Somatic (Bodily) Symptoms of Depression
|
Loss of appetite and weight loss in moderate and severe depression
Weight gain in mild depression |
|
|
Bipolar Disorder
|
Depression alternates with periods of mania
Mania = Highly excited mood and behavior |
|
|
Prevalence of Mood Disorders
|
1 in 20 Americans is severely depressed (Narrow et al., 2002)
1 in 5 Americans will have a depressive episode of clinical proportions during lifetime (Hamilton, 1989) |
|
|
Gender differences in Mood Disorders
|
Women are twice as likely to suffer from depression
Why?Female passivity and dependency Distraction by physical activity and drinking in males |
|
|
Genetic Factors in Mood Disorders
|
67% concordance rate for identical twins; only 15% for fraternal twins (Gershon et al., 1989)
Genetic predisposition to mood disorder |
|
|
Brain Chemistry Factors of Mood Disorders
|
Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in depression (Davidson, 1998)
Overactivity of neurotransmitters in mania? |
|
|
Psychological Factors of Mood Disorders
|
Early traumatic losses or rejections create vulnerability
|
|
|
Humanistic Factors of Mood Disorders
|
Definition of self-worth in terms of individual attainment
React more strongly to failures; view failures as due to inadequacies Experience of meaninglessness |
|
|
Depressive Cognitive Triad
|
The world
Oneself The future |
|
|
Depressive Attribunal Pattern
|
Attributing success to factors outside self
Attributing negative outcomes to personal factors Attributing success to factors outside self Attributing negative outcomes to personal factors |
|
|
Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression
|
Depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and they think that they can’t cope with them
|
|
|
Environmental Factors of Depression
|
Poor parenting
Many stressful experiences Failure to develop good coping skills Failure to develop positive self-concept |
|
|
Sociocultural Factors
|
Prevalence of depressive disorders less in Hong Kong and Taiwan than in the West
Feelings of guilt and inadequacy are highest in North America and Western Europe Gender difference not found in developing countries |
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
Severe disturbances in:
Thinking Speech Perception Emotion Behavior fourth leading cause of disability split mind doesn't mean split from personality, means split from reality |
|
|
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
|
Misinterpretation of reality
Disordered attention, thought, perception Withdrawal from social activities Delusions of Grandeur Strange or inappropriate communication Neglect of personal grooming Disorganized behavior |
|
|
Delusions
|
False beliefs that are sustained in the face of contrary evidence normally sufficient to destroy them
|
|
|
Hallucinations
|
False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality
Can be auditory or visual |
|
|
What are the types of affect?
|
Flat - no emotions at all
Inappropriate |
|
|
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
|
Positive Symptoms
Bizarre behaviors such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech, thinking Negative Symptoms Absence of normal reactions e.g., emotional expression, motivation, normal speech |
|
|
Which type of symptoms have a better prognosis for recovery?
|
Positive symptoms
|
|
|
What are the types of Schizophrenia
|
Paranoid
disorganized Catatonic undifferentiated |
|
|
Paranoid
|
Delusions of persecution and grandeur
|
|
|
Disorganized
|
Confusion and incoherence
Severe deterioration of adaptive behavior |
|
|
Catatonic
|
Motor disturbances from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements
|
|
|
Undifferentiated
|
Do not show enough specific criteria to be classified as paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic
|
|
|
Biological Causes
|
Genetic predisposition
Destruction of neural tissue (neurodegenerative hypothesis) Atrophy in brain regions that influence cognitions, emotions DOPAMINE |
|
|
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
|
Overactivity of the dopamine system in brain areas regulating emotions, motivations, and cognitions
Basal ganglia connects to the frontal lobes. Involved in that kind of behavior Too much dopamine because of another transmitter (glutamate) Complimentary to GABA |
|
|
Psychological Factors of Schizo
|
Freud: extreme example of regression
Retreat from painful intrapersonal world Chaotic sensory input Deficits in frontal lobe executive functions |
|
|
Environmental factors of Schizo
|
Stressful life events
Family dynamics Home environments high in expressed emotion (Vaughn & Leff, 1976) |
|
|
Social Causation hypothesis of Schizo
|
Higher prevalence of schizophrenia due to higher levels of stress
|
|
|
Social Drift Hypothesis
|
Deterioration of social and personal functioning causes drift into poverty
|
|
|
Personality Disorders
|
Stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
|
|
|
Three clusters of Personality Disorders
|
Dramatic and impulsive behaviors
Anxiety and fearfulness Odd and eccentric behaviors |
|
|
Histrionic
|
characteristic of acting
|
|
|
Naccissistic
|
self love
|
|
|
Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
Psychopaths or sociopaths
3:1 male-female ratio Lack a conscience Fail to respond to punishment |
|
|
Biological Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
Genetic predisposition
Dysfunction in brain structures that govern self-control and emotional arousal? |
|
|
Psychological Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
Psychodynamic view: lack of a superego
Inability to develop conditioned fear responses when punished leads to poor impulse control |
|
|
Psychological Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder cont.
|
Modeling of aggression
Parental inattention to children’s needs (Rutter, 1997) |
|
|
Psychological Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder cont.
|
Exposure to deviant peers
Consistent failure to think about or anticipate long-term negative consequences of acts |
|
|
Demonlogical
|
mental illness attributed to people possessed by the devil
|
|
|
Importance of Paresis
|
the first demonstration that a psych disorder was caused by a physical malady
|
|
|
Axis 1
|
Primary Diagnosis
|
|
|
Axis 2
|
Personality disorders or mental retardations
|
|
|
Axis III
|
Relevant physical disorders
|
|
|
Axis IV
|
Intensity of psychosocial and environmental problems
|
|
|
Axis V
|
Global assessment of level of functioning
|
|
|
Axis 1
|
Primary Diagnosis
clinical symptoms, deviant behaviors occuring at the present time |
|
|
Axis 2
|
Personality disorders or mental retardations
|
|
|
Axis III
|
Relevant physical disorders
medical conditions that might be relevant |
|
|
Axis IV
|
Intensity of psychosocial and environmental problems
|
|
|
Axis V
|
Global assessment of level of functioning
|
