Ps100 Final Review

Front 1

Six "Self-Evident Truths"

Back 1

Existence, Causality, Position Symmetry, Time Symmetry, Principle of Noncontradiction, Occam's Razor

Front 2

Four Interactions of Nature

Back 2

Nuclear Strong Force, Electromagnetic Force, Nuclear Weak Force, Gravity

Front 3

Newton's First Law of Motion

Back 3

Every object at rest, or in uniform motion, will remain in that state of motion unless compelled to do otherwise by forces acting upon it.

Front 4

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Back 4

F=ma

Front 5

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Back 5

All forces result from interactions between pairs of objects, each object exerting a force on the other. The two resulting forces have the same strength and act in exactly opposite directions. (m1a1=m2a2)

Front 6

Mass

Back 6

Characteristic of a body which determines how much it accelerates when a force is applied.

Front 7

Weight

Back 7

A measure of the force of gravity pulling on an object

Front 8

g

Back 8

symbol representing the acceleration caused by gravity.

Front 9

Law of Gravity

Back 9

F=GmM/d², describes the strength of the force of gravity between two objects of mass M and m separated between their centers by the distance d.

Front 10

General Theory of Relativity

Back 10

Albert Einstein's description of gravity. This theory explains the relationship between the geometry of space and the flow of time in our Universe.

Front 11

Electric Force Law

Back 11

F=kqQ/d²

Front 12

Insulator

Back 12

material that does not permit electrons to flow through it

Front 13

Conductor

Back 13

material that allows electrons to flow through it

Front 14

Direct Current

Back 14

a steady flow of electrons in one direction, typically through a wire

Front 15

Alternating Current

Back 15

a current of electrons that changes direction of flow

Front 16

Ferromagnetism

Back 16

metals that can be attracted to magnets or can become a magnet

Front 17

Contact Force

Back 17

Force that arises between objects when they touch. These forces are a repulsion caused by the electromagnetic interaction

Front 18

Centripetal Force

Back 18

A force sideways to the motion of an object. This force cause objects to turn toward the center of a circle.

Front 19

Pressure (Formula)

Back 19

P=F/a

Front 20

Buoyant Force/Archimedes' Principle

Back 20

An object immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force caused by contact interactions with the surrounding fluid. The strength of this force equals the weight of the displaced fluid.

Front 21

Relativity

Back 21

The idea that motion is only defined to other objects, which may have their own motion. There is no such thing as an "absolute" motion measured against objects that are absolutely at rest.

Front 22

Inertial Frame of Reference

Back 22

A state of motion that is experiencing no acceleration.

Front 23

Non-inertial Frame of Reference

Back 23

A state of motion that is undergoing an acceleration

Front 24

Special Theory of Relativity

Back 24

Objects in inertial frames of reference behave differently at high speeds

Front 25

Time Dilation

Back 25

The slowing of a clock as it's speed approaches the speed of light as measured by an observer not moving with the clock.

Front 26

Length Contraction

Back 26

The shortening of an object along it's direction of motion as it's speed approaches the speed of light, as measured by an observer not moving with the object.

Front 27

the Solar System model

Back 27

Model of the atom in which the electrons orbit the small, dense, positively charged nucleus in elliptical paths. The model was proposed by Rutherford

Front 28

Modified Solar System Model

Back 28

The Bohr model with restricted circular orbits of electrons around a dense nucleus

Front 29

Transverse Waves

Back 29

A wave in which the molecules of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction the wave propagates. Can only move through solid mediums

Front 30

Compression Waves

Back 30

A longitudinal wave driven by the force of pressure

Front 31

Metals

Back 31

Elements that are good electrical and thermal conductors and can be hammered into thin sheets or drawn into fine wires

Front 32

Radiation

Back 32

The process by which energy is moved from one place to another in the form of light or related forms such as X-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, etc.

Front 33

Convection

Back 33

The process by which energy is moved from one place to another by being stored in matter as internal energy, then moving the matter from one place to another.

Front 34

Lithosphere

Back 34

The uppermost mechanical layer of Earth. It is brittle and is the only layer in which earthquakes occur. Composed of continental crust, basalt, and peridotite.

Front 35

Asthenosphere

Back 35

A soft, plastic, partially-molten mechanical layer in Earth located below the lithosphere.

Front 36

Mesosphere

Back 36

The mechanical layer between the asthenosphere and the outer core. It is solid, but still plastic and able to flow.

Front 37

The Crust

Back 37

The uppermost chemical layer of Earth, composed of silicates.

Front 38

The Mantle

Back 38

A highly viscous chemical layer below the surface composed of oxides.

Front 39

The Core

Back 39

The center of the earth, is almost completely made of Iron.

Front 40

Hydrological Cycle

Back 40

The movement of water through the various reservoirs on or near Earth's surface.

Front 41

Red Giants

Back 41

A large, bright, cool star that has exhausted most of the hydrogen fuel in its core.

Front 42

Hydrogen burning Star

Back 42

The "adult" phase of a star's life, a star spends most of it's life in this phase.

Front 43

Supernova

Back 43

A rare celestial phenomenon involving the explosion of most of the material in a star, resulting in an extremely bright, short-lived burst of energy.

Front 44

Radar Ranging

Back 44

A technique for measuring distance where pulses of microwaves traveling at the speed of light are sent to a nearby object and the reflected pulse is timed in order to determine the distance.

Front 45

Laser Ranging

Back 45

A technique for measuring distance where laser light is reflected off a nearby surface and the time for the reflected pulse is observed.

Front 46

Triangulation

Back 46

A distance measuring technique that involves observing the angle to a distant object from at least two different locations with a known separation. It is then possible to determine the unknown distance by comparing the observed angles.

Front 47

Distance Ladder

Back 47

A method used in astronomy where greater and greater distances are determined using many different measuring techniques that overlap to establish a sequence of increasing distances.