Ps 272 Exam 2

Front 1

additive synthesis

Back 1

the process of building a complex tone by starting with the fundamental frequency and adding pure tone harmonics

Front 2

amplitude

Back 2

the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and the maximum pressure of the wave (size of pressure change); corresponds to perceived loudness

Front 3

basilar membrane

Back 3

stretches the length of the cochlea and controls the vibration of the cochlear partition

hair receptors that bend, causes neurons to fire

Front 4

binocular disparity

Back 4

occurs when the retinal images of an object fall on disparate points on the two retinas

Front 5

categorical perception

Back 5

perceiving one sound at short voice onset times and another sound at longer voice onset times (speech perception)

Front 6

characteristic frequency

Back 6

the frequency at which a neuron in the auditory system has its lowest threshold

Front 7

co-articulation

Back 7

overlapping articulation that occurs when different phonemes follow one another in speech--the same phoneme can be articulated differently depending on the context (pronunciation of b in boot vs. boat)

Front 8

cochlea

Back 8

snail-shaped, liquid-filled structure that contains the structures of inner ear: basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and hair cells

Front 9

familiar size

Back 9

Knowledge of object's actual size sometimes influences our perception of an object's distance

Depth cue

Front 10

Fourier Analysis

Back 10

analyzes complex periodic waveforms into a number of sine-wave components

Front 11

frequency

Back 11

the number of times per second that a (sound) wave repeats itself

Measured in Hertz (hz)

Front 12

fundamental frequency (first harmonic)

Back 12

Usually the lowest frequency in the Fourier spectrum of a complex tone.

The tone's other components have frequencies that are multiples of fundamental frequency.

Front 13

geon

Back 13

volumetric features of recognition-by-components theory of object perception

Front 14

good continuation

Back 14

Gestalt law of perceptual organization; when connected, straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and lines seen in a way that follows the smoothest path.

Front 15

harmonic

Back 15

Fourier components of a complex tone with frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency

Front 16

law of Proximity

Back 16

things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together

Gestalt law of perceptual organization

Front 17

law of Similarity

Back 17

similar things appear to be grouped together

Gestalt law of perceptual organization

Front 18

lightness constancy

Back 18

constancy of our perception of an object's lightness under different intensities of illumination

Front 19

maximum likelihood principle

Back 19

perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

proposed by Helmholtz

Front 20

McGurk Effect

Back 20

perception of speech that is affected by both auditory and visual stimulation

"audiovisual speech perception"

Front 21

Motor Theory

Back 21

when we hear a particular speech sound, this activates the motor mechanisms that are responsible for producing that sound--this activation enables us to perceive the sound

a theory of speech perception

Front 22

occlusion

Back 22

one object hides or partially hides another object from view, causing the hidden object to be perceived as farther away

Front 23

phoneme

Back 23

shortest segment of speech that, if changed, would change the meaning of the word

Front 24

pitch

Back 24

quality of sound that is most closely associated with the frequency of a tone

Front 25

Place Theory (of hearing)

Back 25

frequency of a sound is indicated by the place along the organ of Corti at which the nerve firing is highest.

Based on Bekesy's traveling wave theory of hearing

Front 26

pure tone

Back 26

tone with pressure changes that can be described by a single sine wave

Front 27

segmentation problem

Back 27

problem of perceptually segmenting the continuous speech stimulus into individual words

Front 28

size constancy

Back 28

the size of an object is perceived to remain the same even when it is viewed from different distances

Front 29

sound wave

Back 29

pattern of pressure changes in a medium

Front 30

structuralism

Back 30

perceptions result from summation of many elementary sensations

Front 31

timbre

Back 31

quality that distinguishes between two tones that sound different even though they may have same loudness, pitch, duration. Illustrated by sounds made by different musical instruments

Front 32

Frequency Theory

Back 32

the basilar membrane synchronizes with the frequency of the sound wave

Front 33

localization (of sound)

(3 items)

Back 33

makes use of two ears to determine the location of a stimulus:
-interaural intensity differences
-interaural time differences
-interaural phase differences

Front 34

motion parallax

Back 34

the speed at which an object moves gives a cue to how far away it is from the perceiver

Front 35

perceptual constancies

Back 35

objects look the same despite the proximal stimulus changing

Front 36

perceptual illusions

Back 36

objects look different despite the same proximal stimulus

Front 37

Variability problem

Back 37

interpretation of a cue depends on context--one word can have many meanings

speech perception problem

Front 38

size-weight illusion

Back 38

generally perceive bigger things to be heavier. But if we have two objects with the same weight but have different sizes, view the smaller as heavier (?)

Example of percept-percept coupling because weight percept is influenced by our vision percept

Front 39

phase

Back 39

shift of a cycle, where the first peak is relative to some landmark

Front 40

generativity

Back 40

can combine a finite amount of phonemes to produce an infinite combination of words

Front 41

primitives

Back 41

seen as elemental structures that are built into a hierarchy in the mind (structuralism)

Front 42

interaural cues

(3 items)

Back 42

intensity difference, time differnce, phase differences

Front 43

pictorial cues

(4 items)

Back 43

become associated with a proximal stimulus through experience

-Linear Perspective
-relative size
-texture gradient
-interposition

Front 44

Law of Closure

Back 44

mind may experience elements it does not perceive through sensation, in order to complete a regular figure

Gestaltist law of perception

Front 45

intensity

Back 45

measured with the amplitude of the sine wave

Front 46

unconscious inference

Back 46

relinquishes responsibility of perception to internal mental "knower" (homunculus)

Front 47

percept-percept coupling

Back 47

perception coupling successive feelings

Ex: size-weight illusion

Front 48

dynamic field properties

Back 48

means of organizing
-attraction between fields causes form to be produced
-isomorphism between brain activity and object
-fields embody regularities of the world (i.e. objects are compact, single material, no structural gaps/continuation)

Front 49

cues (and visual perception)

Back 49

causes us to know differences between relative and absolute distances

Front 50

shape constancy

Back 50

perceived shape is unaffected by perspective

Front 51

sine wave grating

Back 51

gratings are a mechanism for the perception of primitives

sine wave gratings are produced by the distinctions between light and dark areas

Front 52

sine wave

Back 52

-how light and sound waves travel
-can deconstruct complex sine waves using a Fourier analysis

Front 53

symbolic representation (?)

Back 53

a solution for form and object recognition