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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Comparative Method of Analysis
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-comparing two cases
-always structured by logic of scientific experimentation -experimental logic, except we have no way to control/manipulate the countries in order to have only one variable -another problem: traveling concepts -multi-case-oriented strategy of political research -object: identify the sources of differing political phenomena in 2+ countries or compare political phenomena in 1 country at 2+ periods of time |
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Systems Approach to Comparative Politics
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-political system is comprised of inputs (pressures and demands that citizens place on gov't), government (singular entity that produces outputs), and outputs (public policy)
-attempt to draw up general abstract model to use as a standard basis -based on David Easton's political system -not actually a universal standard but a projection of American ideals |
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Statist Approach to Comparative Politics
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-takes care of defining the ideology, interests, and components of national gov'ts
-recognizes influence from groups/citizens, but takes into account the fact that nat'l gov'ts have their own agendas which play a large role in policy/societal structure -study specific gov't types and subtypes in order to compare how the gov'ts affect policymaking process |
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Cultural Approach to Comparative Politics
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-accounts for differences between countries in terms of basic differences in values and assumptions about politics in two countries' cultures
-values and assumptions are used to explain how politics works -typically, this study is done abroad to gain "hands-on" experience |
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Rational Choice Approach to Comparative Politics
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-treats values as a given and is unconcerned about their origin
-assumes that individuals are rational, "profit-maximizing" actors who attempt to advance interests within institutional confines |
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Synchronic Comparison
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-form of comparison where one compares political phenomena between nations
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Diachronic Comparison
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-form of comparison where one compares political phenomena within a single country at two or more points in time
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"Traveling Concepts"
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-a problem with the comparative method of analysis
-terms often do not mean the same thing from one country to another -example: "political parties" in the US are a lot different than "political parties" in European countries, where you must pay dues and join formally |
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Nation
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-a group of people who feel a strong affinity for each other, who feel that they belong together, often based on language or historical traditions
-individuals who comprise a particular nation often express feelings of nationhood, willingness to fight/die to preserve national autonomy -social/cultural concept |
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State
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-a geographical unit whose government has the supreme power to make laws within its boundaries and has the supreme legal right to use force to guarantee the observance of those laws
-right to exercise supreme power within borders is "generally accepted" -legal concept |
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Nation-state
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-a country that succeeds in maintaining territorial integrity through the government's ability to permit, persuade, or coerce nations inhabiting its territory to coexist amicably
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Nationalism
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-started by Napoleon, sort of
-the belief that our nation is an important part of our identity, something we should willingly sacrifice for -Benedict Anderson says that nationalism is almost more of a religious ideology than an "ism" in that it reaches deeper and many are willing to die for their country and future generations -can lead to both good and bad (ex: willingness to pay higher taxes for the next generation vs. ethnic cleansing) |
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State Capacity
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-one of the dimension in order to determine 'state strength'
-the ability of states to enforce law, collect taxes, provide education and a minimal system of public healthcare, and organize and control the armed services -no state has total, unlimited power (ex: 1920's prohibition) -comparison of so-called "strong" and "weak" states |
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Ranked Systems of Ethnic Inequality
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-Seems to be disappearing
-one group has political and economic dominance over another -ex: South African Apartheid, US racial segregation, caste system of India |
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Unranked Systems of Ethnic Inequality
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-Still persistent
-No formal restrictions on the political/civil rights of ethnic groups, though it may be the case that one system is better of economically than another -ex: television disputes in Norway about dialects; language disputes in Belgium over French and Dutch |
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Sources of Regional Conflict
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-conflict between one region of a state and the rest of the state, usually involving a demand by the region for greater political autonomy, or even separation and establishment as a new state
-generally coincide with ethnic conflict -ex: American Civil War, Quebec's drive toward secession in Canada -reasons in the modern state 1) economic development-prosperous region could feel like country is holding it back 2) cultural homogenization-people move around more and regions on the fringe may see culture being destroyed and choose to fight back 3) end of the cold war-no one is afraid of rocking the boat? press for greater autonomy |
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Sources of Ethnic Conflict
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-conflict between different racial, religious, linguistic, or other identity groups
-ethnic group often excites same passion that nationalism does for nation -based on sense of belonging/identity -intensity of ethnic group can really weaken the state; functions poorly or a civil war, revolution, invasion results -ex: whites and "colored" immigrants in Britain, racial politics in the US, Hindus and Moslams in India, French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians |
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State Autonomy
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-one of the dimension in order to determine 'state strength'
-ability of the state to resist pressure from organized interest groups in society -balancing act of being cognizant of the demands from organized groups and also keeping distance -a lack of autonomy=corruption by powerful interest groups, and being used to further particularistic interests at the expense of public interest -US is often weak in this sense (ie farm interests, corporations, trade unions, districts with powerful Congressman) |
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Class Conflict
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-the state offers the appropriate arena for conflict
-without conflict their would not be a state, because no political decisions would have to be made ex: |
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Political Party
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-a group of officials or would-be officials that is linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization; a chief object of this organization is to ensure that its officials attain power or are maintained in power
-better at organizing power than articulating conflict - aka they can get voted but then they must HOLD the vote |
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One-party Systems
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-a party system in which only one party may legally exist
-ex: former Soviet Union, contemporary China |
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Two-party Systems
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-open, democratic systems in which any variety of parties may compete, but in which there are only two parties in serious contention for power
-generally due to electoral system which penalizes small parties and rewards large one -do not offer as wide of a range of options to voters; parties tend to have muddy policy positions -ex: United States |
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Multi-party Systems
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-open, democratic systems with more than two parties
-wider range of choices for voters -generally, no one party will control a majority of the legislative body, so some parties must form coalitions -if coalitions do not work out, political instability can result -ex: most of continental Europe, new democracies in East Central Europe |
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Dominant Party Systems
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-one major party dominates the political landscape, although other parties are legally enabled to organize
-usually results when the country has a major crisis and one party comes out as a saviour for all then perpetuates itself over the years -ex: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Mexico (though recently US has pressured it to grant freedoms to opposition parties) |
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Parliamentary Democracy
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-executives receive their positions by virtue of winning seats in parliament
-leader of winning party w/ absolute majority = prime minister, premier (chief executive) -main advantage: policy process is much swifter than presidential systems; government accountability is also clearer -legislation (written by cabinet and prime minister) = easy to pass -no separation of parties so citizens know who to hold accountable for policy -disadvantages: often underrepresent minority group interests; gov'ts can fall frequently, as coalition parties are unable to coordinate agendas |
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Prime Minister
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-leader of the winning party in a parliamentary democracy (in an absolute majority)
-forms a cabinet of prominent members of his/her party -not bound to a particular electoral cycle, can call for new elections whenever they like -writes 90% of the bills with cabinet |
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Coalition Government
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-if not party wins an absolute majority in a parliamentary democracy, 2+ parties form a coalition government
-cabinet posts are allotted according to the number of seats each coalition party holds w/in parliament |
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"Vote of No Confidence"
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-parliamentary systems
-if majority of members are dissatisfied w/ the performance of pm and cabinet, they can call for this -intention to bring down cabinet and PM -if successful, gov't = "fallen" -PM forms new cabinet or new elections are called |
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Magna Carta
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-signed in 1215
-created a series of protections from arbitrary and royal decree -created a system of courts that were independent of the crown |
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Common Law
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-British courts operated on this principle, as created by the Magna Carta
-court decisions were based on custom and precedent, unwritten in statute or code -no formal, written constitution -included a number of protections, such as the right against searches without warrant, spouses not to testify against each other, habeas corpus |
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Great Council
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-created by the Magna Carta in Britain
-created by the monarch to be consulted prior to levying taxes -evolved into House of Commons and House of Lords |
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House of Lords
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-evolved from the Great Council, one of two bodies
-represented the landed aristocracy (nobility and the church) -composed over 1,000 members -historically members are not elected, but inherit seats by virtue of accomplishments -very little influence -House of Commons can ignore the amendments offered by the House of Lords and take final vote -at best, can delay legislation |
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House of Commons
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-evolved from the Great Council, one of two bodies
-represented the towns and counties -party discipline = very important -law ratifying body -Parliamentary Question Time |
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Political Liberalism
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-one of 3 phenomena leading to British democracy
-John Locke, John Stuart Mill -limited government, nonintervention in the affairs of individual citizens and political equality for all -"libertarianism" in the US -unpopular amongst landed aristocracy (said they shouldn't have special privileges) and church (gov'tal intervention in religion) -implied democracy |
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Liberal Party (Britain)
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-started in the 20th century
-emergence of political parties was the final phenomenon that helped transform Britain into a liberal democracy -generally stood for anti church&state (Anglican), autonomy for Ireland, free trade -base of support = industry |
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Conservative Party (Britain)
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-started in the 20th century
-emergence of political parties was the final phenomenon that helped transform Britain into a liberal democracy -supported church connection, opposed autonomy for Ireland -now one of the 2 most powerful parties (along with Labour Party) -aristocratic privileges, natural social hierarchies; larger part-- political and economic neoliberalism; accepts that all citizens should have legal & political equality; represents business interests |
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Labour Party
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-emerged after the WWI
-emergence of political parties was the final phenomenon that helped transform Britain into a liberal democracy -represented working classes & challenged both Liberal and Conservative Parties -boasted periodic majorities -postWWII-- really gained power -now one of 2 most powerful parties (along with Conservative party) -formed by Trade Union Congress -Britain's declining economy cannot be revitalized w/o limiting gov't spending & creating economic climate favorable to to business |
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Liberal Democratic Party
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-formed 1988 by disenchanted centrist members of Labour Party and remnants of old Liberal party
-pro-business -minimal representation |
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British Political Culture
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-once described as deferential, which implied that citizens trust gov't, authority, and opinions of elite (defer to them)
-3 alternative depictions: a) pragmatic;(vs ideologic)-consider concrete, what can actually be observed,, particulars of problem b)trust in gov't and support for dem values=tenuous-surveys of mistrust c)dominance of social class-class in Britian is like race in America; Orwell on bus; prevents lower class from moving up ladder |
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Sinn Fein
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-political arm of the Catholic Irish Republican Army
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Ulster Unionists
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-tensions between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland
-low-level guerilla warfare -1998 Good Friday Agreement called for sharing btwn Catholic and Protestants in gov't of Northern Ireland -Protestants |
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Tony Blair
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Britain's Prime Minister since 2000, out of the Labour Party
strives to temper gov't spending and prevent capital flight - promoting tourism |
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Margaret Thatcher
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-Britain Prime Minister 1979
-goals: balance national budget, cultivate environment attractive to investors, crush excessive power of Trade Union Congress, eliminate welfare programs, get people back to work -monetarist economic policy-"clean out the economy" to bring a sharp drop level in inflation -cuts in welfare = balance of budget - privatization -"closed shop" restricted labor unions right to strike -eventually resigned |
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Single-Member District, Plurality System
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-Britain split into districts
-candidate who wins plurality (simple majority) captures seat in House of Commons |
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Trade Union Congress
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-Britain's centralized labor movement that helped form the Labour Party; still exerts considerable control over the party
-prime vehicle for representing British workers |
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Confederation for British Industry
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-primary organization in Britian to represent business interests
-no formal ties to a party -most members vote conservative -conducts research and makes economic forecasts and lobbies gov't for pro-business economic policies |
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Parliamentary Supremacy
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-British parliament
-Westminster model -no system of judicial review -nat'l gov't does not share jurisdiction w/ other gov'ts, like states -generally one party has full majority so no need to form coalitions |
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Cabinet
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-made up by the prime minister
-typically prominent members from the majority party -highly cohesive policy-formulating body -over 90% of bills sponsored by PM and cabinet -generally cabinet members use the wisdom of career civil servants -prime minister wields power to dissolve parliament and call for no elections no more than one time per year |
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Government Bills in Britain
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-90% sponsored by PM and cabinet
-generally passed into legislation -if majority member of lower house votes against a gov't bill, they are put on back bench |
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Parliamentary Question Time
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-aired by BBC
-couple hours every Thursday afternoon -members in opposition can scrutinize PM and cabinet publicly -throw questions at PM -House of Commons |
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Thatcherism
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-privatization, monetarism, "closed shop", welfare spending cuts
-rising growth rates in 1990s -attributed to this? |
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Monetarism
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-employed by Thatcher
-"clean out economy" by shrinking money supply and raising interest rates -objective: to bring sharp drop in levels of inflation |
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Charles de Gaulle
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-authored Constitution of the Fifth Republic
-war hero -President of France 1958-1969 |
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Francois Mitterand
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-longtime rival of Gaulle
-President 1981-1995 |
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Fourth Republic
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-1944, following Nazi occupation, embers begin devising the Fourth Republic
-1946-1958 -plagued with political/social ills -political cleavages (conservative Gualists vs. doctrinaire, quasi-Leninists Communists) -virtually all parties received representation in the Nat'l Assembly, France's lower house of parliament -too many uncompromising political parties/couldn't form stable gov'ts -no threshold law (parliamentary representation even if 1% of vote) |
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Fifth Republic
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-eliminated PR system of legislative selection and created a quasi-presidential system
-de Gaul -multi party system -two-ballot system -4 main political parties |
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National Assembly
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France's lower house of parliament
-real decision making takes place in this house -two-ballot system -elections must be held every five years, but are typically more frequent bc President wields power to dissolve parliament and call an election, etc |
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Senate
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France's upper house of parliament
-functions symbolically, can only really delay legislation |
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Premier
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similar to PM
-along w/ cabinet, control agenda of Nat'l Assembly and author most bills, amend bills that have been passed, can veto amendments |
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Proportional Representation
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-Fourth Republic
-also used by Germany -ensured that basically all parties were represented -candidates for seats in lower house do no run for specific districts; each political party forges a list of prospective legislators and voters cast for parties -%age of seats = % of nat'l vote |
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Two-Ballot System
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-constitution of French Fifth Republic
-country is divided into 577 electoral districts -if candidate receives over 50% of votes, no need for second election in that district -normally a 2nd election where only those who have more than 12.5% can be on ballot -(generally larger political parties w/ fewer votes drop out and support candidate with larger number) |
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French Political Culture
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-strong veneration for the state and its administrative apparatus; centralized state has persisted in France
-nationalism -preservation of culture (language, for example) -state subsidizes fine arts -professional army -educational system=centralized -proud, but debate over political regime |
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Political Regime
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-in French political culture, the French are very proud of their state, but still debate over what type of political regime should govern
-embodies the rules and procedures that govern everyday political life, electoral laws, relations between various branches of gov't, citizenship rights, determination of who has access to political power |
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Grandes Ecoles
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best and brightest French students aspire to enter these
-training ground for members of France's esteemed civil service -right to entry to the state and prestigious bureaucracy remains privy to best and brightest, particularly graduated of grandes ecoles (centralized educational system-- high quality education) |
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PS
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-Socialist Party of France
-only one leftist party til 1920, split into two -prefer to bring about socialism through peaceful parliamentary mechanisms -flexible and pragmatic, appeals to wide segment -support from blue and white collar workers, some business and intellectuals |
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RPR
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Rally for the Republic
-right side -founded by de Gaulle -socially conservative, pragmatic platform -embrace idea of President, symbolic and setting agenda |
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UDF
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Union for French Democracy
-right side -1970s -founded by Valery Giscard d'Estaing, President -far less ideological than Gaulists -heightened role for France in European Community, use of markets to allocate resources, free trade, fiscal responsibility |
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Religious Conflict in France
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-France = religiously homogenous (90% Catholic)
-competition between state and Catholic Church -formal separation of church and state 1905 -lefters feel that church is symbolic of political repression and anti-democratic philosophy -conservative contend that state has slowed down development of Catholic schools |
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Class Conflict in France
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-run deep, strikes and protests
-unions are not very unified, but still "noisiest" -working class vs. wealthy bourgeoisie -working class extreme unions desire to transform socioeconomic system into one where workers enjoy same status as bourgeois |
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Bourgeoisie
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wealthier class, often pitted against unions (working class) in class conflict
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The Immigration Problem in France
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1970's unemployment were low and labor shortages were acute, France welcomed immigrants into country (cheap fix to labor shortages)
-over time economic conditions changed and immigrant population grew; began to view them as unwilling to assimilate themselves into French culture and a burden on welfare -major political debate |
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PCF
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French Communist Party
-one leftist party, split into two in 1920 -opted to support Soviet model of revolution and totalitarian gov't -held at least a quarter of seats throughout fourth republic -1980s power began to dissipate, "out of step with the time" |
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National Front
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-Jean-Marie Le Pen
-advocates closing borders to immigrants -blamed nation's problems on immigrant growth -far-right party known for boisterous leader -dangerous indications of anti-Semitism, new fascism? |
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Jean-Marie Le Pen
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-former paratrooper in Algerian war
-leader of national front -denounced "gang of four" |
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CGT
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-General Confederation of Labor in France
-linked with Communist Party -1 of 2 major labor orgs -ideological, militant in demands, large membership -inclined to use Marxist/Leninist rhetoric |
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CFDT
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-Democratic Confederation of Labor
-linked with the Socialist Party -less membership than CGT -more tranquil and advocates greater democracy in workplace |
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Indicative Planning
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-Charles de Gaulle argued that state has duty to ensure long-term economic health
-5 year plans (in Fifth Republic) -setting nat'l economic goals and communicating to the private sector where the gov't expects to make investments |
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Bank of France
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-Fifth Republic, along with indicative plans
-does not act autonomously, but in close conjunction with nat'l gov't (unlike US and Germany) -gov't has considerable influence over monetary policy and credit availability |
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Kaiser
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1871, Germany in 26 diff kingdoms-- wars-- til unification of German nation-state in 1871; parliament, but kaiser held virtually all power
defeat in WWI, allies demanded kaiser resign and truly democratic system is implemented |
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Weimar Republic
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democratic system in Germany born after defeat in WWI, after allies demanded democracy be implemented (and made kaiser resign)
-Proportional Representation -parliament occupied by many parties (due to PR) - many extremist -gov't fell often, coalition gov't weak. -bad economy (hyperinflation etc) |
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Threshold Clause (Germany)
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5% threshold for members of Bundestag in Germany
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Chancellor
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1930, Hitler appointed Chancellor by Hindenburg (ruling by decree), crushes Weimar Republic and halts democracy
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Laendar
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-federal system of states, with strong state governments
-instituted in the Federal Republic of 1949 |
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Bundestag
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-German Federal Republic's lower house
-members elected through a system with elements of SMDPS and PR (5% threshold clause) -party disciple is very important -members of majority coalition are expected to vote along paty lines -established committee system -neither chancellor or president have power to veto bills once they have been passed -chancellor has power over cabinet, but is still subject to majoritarian will of Bundestag -5% threshold clause |
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Bundesrat
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-Germany's upper chamber
-each Land sends a delegation of reps -no election process; appointed by Land legislators and local authorities -cast as a block, so that opposition in each land is not represented -must consent to any bills that affect tax structure or other affairs that affect the Laender (consent bills); other bills they may amend and pass it a second time with absolute majority but then it becomes a law despite objections of Bundesrat or chancellor |
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Christian Democrats (Germany)
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-biggest political party
-center-right -support from business interests and middle class -emphasizes role of markets, advocated role in EU, and supports Nato |
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Social Democrats (Germany)
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-second major party
-til 1958 embraced socialism -now, center-left and pragmatism -trade unions, encouraged worker participation in management of industry, welfare state, environmental |
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Free Democrats (Germany)
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centrist party, frequently forms coalitions with Christian Dems and Social Dems
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建設
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건설
construction, erection, building, [창설] foundation ((of an empire)), [설립] establishment.[ build + establish] |
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Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)
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-successor to old Communist Party in East Germany
-only base of support in a portion of eastern Germany that was incorporated in 1989 |
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Republican Party (Germany)
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-quasi-fascist, anti-immigrant
->2% vote -noisy but irrelevant |
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German Federation of Trade Unions
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-center-left and comparatively docile labor organization
-80% of all union members |
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Federation of German Industry
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-main national business group
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Federation of German Employers
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-more specialized business group which takes responsibility for issues having to do with wages and labor negotiations
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German Conference for Industry and for Trade
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-serves the interests of small businesses, especially in matters of national trade
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Constructive Vote of No Confidence
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-one of the numerous checks on executive power
-in order to oust the chancellor, members of Bundestag must first identify his successor -so it's not a simple vote of no confidence |
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Chancellor Democracy
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-German system of governance in postwar era
-checks on executive power -weak President, relatively strong chancellor, two equal chambers |
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Orgundspolitik
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regular consultation between the national government and interest organiations
-gov't regulation of the economy -all aspects of everyday economic life -ex: hours in which stores opena nd close and items that htey sell |
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Co-determination
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-one of the mechanisms whereby Germany has maintained labor peace and amicable relations between business and management
-firms over 2000 employees, half must be members of board of directors -high wages and generous benefits, system or worker retraining, low strike levels, general sense of satisfaction |
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Active Labor Market Policy
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-unemployment levels have been low
-gov't intervenes in the economy and directs an educational system in a manner that provides technical training for students who are not university bound -16years old, 2 days a week, allowing for an apprenticeship training -closely scrutinized by gov't -want to cultivate an educated, technically trained productive labor force |
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Treuhandanstalt
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-large holding company
-took inventory of factories, closed many of them, and sold the rest to investors with negotiated guarantees rgading the amnt of added investment from new invesotrs and the number of old employees retained |
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Secular Humanism
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-"religion" to which most Swedes adhere
-a belief in scientific discovery, objective knowledge, and secular rationality in improving the condition of humankind -church=institutional relic of the past |
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Allemansratten
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Swedish law meaning that everyone has a right to everyone else's outdoor property
-great pride in landscape and modern architecture |
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Social Democratic Party (Sweden)
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-leading political party
-came to power in 1930's -'political force with which smaller parties have had to grapple' |
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Moderate Unity Party (Sweden)
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-one of two conservative parties
-derives support from higher income groups, certain business associations, upper echelon civil servants (surprising because they depend on bureaucracy and welfare state made by Social Dems) |
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Liberal Party (Sweden)
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-one of two conservative parties
-competes with the Moderate party for bourgeois and business support, but has support from progressive, well-educated professionals and white collar workers -frequently forms alliances with Social Democratic Party |
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Center Party (Sweden)
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-agricultural interests
-center of spectrum and forms coalitions with SD's and the 2 conservative parties -some environment agenda |
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Christian Democratic Union (Sweden)
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-intent is to crackdown on pornography, drinking, and vices
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New Democracy Party (Sweden)
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-agenda is to deregulate the Swedish economy
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Ecology Party
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-environment and ecology
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Riksdag
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-349 members
-PM and cabinet -multi-member proportional representation system -each of 29 electoral districts is allotted a certain # of seats in the Riksdag (so seats depend on proportion and district) -elections held every four years-- no upper house since 1974; one house/unicameral -vote along party lines -most bills are passed -wields power to amend constitution, Pm and Cab propose change and must pass with 3/4 of Riksdag-- if simply majority, electorate votes on it in general elections |
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Threshold Clause (Sweden)
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-Sweden stipulated that parties must recieve at least 4% of the vote at the nat'l level or 12% at the district level to receive parliamentary represention
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Vote of No Confidence (Sweden)
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-PM and individual cabinet members can receive
-PM wields power to dissolve Riksdag and call for early elections |
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Minority Gov't
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-sets Swedish system apart
-nominee does not need majority of votes to bcome PM (abstaining from voting = yes) -forms minority gov't when this happens |
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Minority Coalition
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-can also form a gov't
-minority gov'ts and coalitions often align themselves with another party on issue-by-issue basis |
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Corporatism
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centralized economic associations are invited by the gov't to participate in policymaking and implementation process, frequently bypassing electoral and parliamentary politics
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LO
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-Sweden's main labor confederation
-90% of bluecollar labor force -most important: metalworkers union, municipal workers union, construction workers union -1930s |
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SACO
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-1930s
-interests of professionals with specialized college degrees |
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TCO
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-1930s
-represents private and public sector technical unions |
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Nat'l Farmers Federation
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interest group representing farmers
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SAF
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-largest business associate
-confederation of industrial employer associations -Swedish engineering association |
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SI
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-second largest business association
-export sector business associations |
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Active Labor Market Policy
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tax money is used to retrain and find employment for laid off workers
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Solidaristic Wage Policy
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-raise wages in low-paying industries
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Regional Wage Earner Funds
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-financed by taxes
-pushed through by Social Democrats in 1982 -would buy and sell corporate stock -threatens financial power of big busines |
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The Wallenbergs
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-vast majority of Swedish economy is privately owned
-all of Sweden's leading transnational corporations have been under the control of this family since 1930's 75% of industry privately owned by 1% of populations <-Wallenbergs own lions share |
