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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The specific name for a molecule that contains only hydrogen and carbon is
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“hydrocarbon”
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Which of the following is not considered an organic molecule?
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★ carbon dioxide
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Several different molecules have the formula C6H14, but they are distinct from each other due tothe different ways the atoms can be bonded to each other. For example, the carbon atoms couldbe bonded either in a chain pattern or in a cross pattern. Such a pattern of bonding is called a(n)____
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configuration
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Even when the chemical formula and and pattern of bonding of a large molecule are specified, itmay have more than one shape. For example, a molecule of C10H22 may have its carbon atomsbonded in a chain pattern, but it may twist in a clockwise or a counterclockwise fashion, and itmay be straight or bent. A spatial shape or orientation is called a(n) ____.
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conformation
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Any molecule with the chemical formula C8H18 can be called “octane”, but the carbon atoms canbe bonded together in 18 different ways. A set of molecules that all have the same chemicalformula but that are connected in different ways is said to be a set of different ___.
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structural isomers
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like a W. This molecule has __ carbon atoms.
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5
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like a W. This molecule has __ hydrogenatoms.
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12
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like a WV. This molecule has __ carbon atoms.
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7
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like a WV. This molecule has __ hydrogenatoms.
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16
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like a +. This molecule has __ carbon atoms.
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5
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like an N. This molecule has __ carbon atoms.
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4
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A hydrocarbon has a “stick structure” that looks like an N. This molecule has __ carbon atoms.
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10
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The process by which petroleum is separated into hydrocarbons of different molecular weightsis called ___.
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fractional distillation
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The process by which longer hydrocarbon chains are broken down into smaller ones is called__.
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cracking
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The most important reason for using gasoline with a higher octane rating is to ___.
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reduce engine knock
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Gasoline with a high octane rating has a larger percentage of isooctane and a lower percentageof __.
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heptane
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Engine knock is caused by the fuel ___.
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igniting prematurely
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Saturated hydrocarbons have the maximum possible number of __.
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hydrogen atoms
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If a saturated hydrocarbon has N carbon atoms, the number of hydrogen atoms it has is __.
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2N+2
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A benzene ring consists of __.
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6 carbon atoms
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The atoms in a benzene ring are ___.
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in a superposition between single and double bonds
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A molecule containing a benzene ring is said to be a(n) ___ compound
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aromatic
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Molecules with triple bonds tend to be ___ compared with molecules with only single bonds.
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less stable
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A molecule is considered an alcohol if it has an OH group bonded to a saturated carbon atom.
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However, alcohols are not bases, because the bond is strong and does not break whenalcohol is dissolved in water
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A functional group __.
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★ is different from a polyatomic ion in that it is more tightly bound to the molecule
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In organic chemistry, a heteroatom is ___.
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any atom other than carbon or hydrogen
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Why is it not a good idea to drink wood alcohol?
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Wood alcohol is metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid
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Ingesting ___ mL of wood alcohol can lead to blindness.
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15 (3 Tbsp)
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Ingesting ___ mL of wood alcohol can cause death
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30 (6 Tbsp)
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The “grain alcohol” found in beverages is technically called ___.
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ethanol
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A phenol, which contains an OH group bonded to a benzene ring, tends to be ___ whendissolved in water.
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mildly acidic
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In 1867, Joseph Lister showed that the simplest phenol __.
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has antiseptic properties that make it useful for sterilizing surgical instruments
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In the early 1800's, it was discovered that diethyl ether __.
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can be used as an anesthetic to assist in surgeries
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Which of the following best describes a typical ether?
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It does not dissolve in water.
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Which of the following best describes a typical amine?
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When dissolved in water, it disassociates, forming a base.
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One of the most notable physical properties of many low-formula-mass amines is ___.
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an unpleasant odor
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Acetone, which is often used in fingernail polish remover, is a(n) ___.
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ketone
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Vanillin, the key flavoring molecule derived from the vanilla plant, is a(n) ___.
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aldehyde
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DEET, the active ingredient of most mosquito repellants, is a(n) ___.
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amide |
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The flavors or fragrances of rum, banana, orange, and pineapple can be produced by ___.
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esters
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The flavors or fragrances of rum, banana, orange, and pineapple can be produced by ___.
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esters
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Examples of biological polymers include ___.
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a) DNA b) proteins c) the complex carbohydrates found in starchy foods
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In order for an addition polymer to form, each monomer must __.
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contain at least one double bond
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A(n) __ polymer is formed when the joining of monomers is accompanied by the loss of asmall molecule, such as water or hydrocloric acid.
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condensation
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Ch.20 |
Ch. 20 |
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The most abundant element (by mass) for the earth as a whole is ____.
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iron
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The most abundant element (by mass) for the earth's crust is ____.
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oxygen
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By mass, oxygen makes up about __ of the earth's crust.
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46.6%
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By mass, silicon makes up about __ of the earth's crust.
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27.7%
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By mass, oxygen makes up about __ of the earth as a whole.
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29.8%
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By mass, silicon makes up about __ of the earth as a whole.
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15.6%
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Magnesium makes up 13.9% of the earth as a whole, but only 2.1% of the earth's crust. This isbecause magnesium is concentrated in ___.
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the mantle
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“Gravitational contraction heating” refers to ___.
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heating of the early earth by the sinking of iron and other heavy elements to the core
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Which of the following are essential if a material is to be considered a mineral?
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a) It is inorganic. b) It has a specific arrangement of atoms, including both chemical composition and crystallineorder. c) It occurs in nature.
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If a crystal grows very slowly because conditions are keep the crystal just on the edge ofdissolving, its shape is given by its ___.
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equilibrium crystal shape
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If a crystal grows quickly, its shape is given by its ___.
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growth form
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If a crystal is broken, its shape is given by its ___.
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cleavage form
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If the same element (or compound) can form more than one type of crystal (such as graphiteand diamond for carbon), each type of crystal is said to be a different ____.
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polymorph
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What characteristics do field geologists use to identify minerals without the use ofsophisticated technology, such as x-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy?
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a) the mineral's density b) the mineral's hardness d) the mineral's clarity and color c) the mineral's form
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“Hardness” on the Mohs Scale refers to a mineral's ability to ___.
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scratch other minerals and not be scratched itself
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A silicate mineral is ___.
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any mineral that contains both silicon and oxygen
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Which of the following classes of minerals is a silicate?
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ferromagnesians
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Nonsilicate minerals make up __ of the earth's crust.
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8%
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“Silica” refers to
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SiO2
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Molten rock below the earth's surface is called ___.
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magma
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As molten rock cools, the order in which minerals crystalize into solids depends on theircomposition. The first to form tend to ___, all other things being equal.
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have the smallest amount of silica
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All other things being equal, rock that forms from quickly cooling molten rock tends to have __crystals.
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smaller
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Rock that forms from a water solution is probably ___ rock.
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sedimentary
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The main geological setting(s) in which minerals crystallize out of water is/are ___.
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a) in the last stages of the crystallization of molten rock b) in cool bodies of water at or near the earth's surface
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has the mineral name ___.
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calcite
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Chemical sediments tend to fall into two main categories: ___.
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carbonates and evaporates
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In chemical sedimentation, which minerals form first is determined by ___.
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solubility
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Rock that forms by the crystallization of molten rock is ___ rock
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igneous
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Rock that forms by the compacting and/or cementing smaller pieces of rock, shells, minerals,or organic matter is ___ rock.
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sedimentary
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Rock that forms when pre-existing rock is changed by high temperatures and/or pressuresunderground (which do not, however, quite melt the rock) is ___ rock
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metamorphic
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Why does molten rock sometimes form under the earth's surface?
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a) As hot rock is moved upward, the pressure on it is no longer sufficient to keep it solid. b) The temperature of the rock is increased (probably due to a plume of molten rock frombelow). c) The addition of water lowers the melting point of the rock.
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The composition of molten rock under the earth's surface is different from that of the originalrock primarily due to ___.
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physical separation caused by partial melting
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Basaltic magma is about ___ silica.
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50%
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Basaltic magma forms from __.
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partial melting of rock in the mantle
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Andesite magma is about ___ silica.
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60%
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Andesitic magma is about ___ silica.
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60%
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Granitic magma is about ___ silica.
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70%
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The Hawaiian Islands are made of cooled and solidified ___ lava.
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basaltic
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Of all the igneous rock in the crust, oceanic and continental combined, about __ formed frombasaltic magma
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80%
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Flood basalts due to ___ forming on land (rather than in the ocean).
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fissure eruptions
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Most fissure eruptions take place ___.
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along the mid-oceanic ridges
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Iceland is an example of a ___.
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shield volcano
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Parícutin in Mexico is an example of a ___.
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cinder cone volcano
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Mt. Fuji in Japan is an example of a ___.
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composite volcano
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Parícutin in Mexico first formed with an eruption in 1943 and rose to a maximum height of 424meters (1391 feet) in ___ years.
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9
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Clastic sedimentary rocks ____.
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are composed of small pieces of weathered rock, shell debris, and/or solid organic matter
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About __ of limestone is produced by non-biological processes
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1%
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Shale is an example of a ___ sedimentary rock.
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clastic
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Limestone is an example of a ___ sedimentary rock
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chemical
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___ is an example of foliated metamorphic rock.
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Shale
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Fossils are found in ___.
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sedimentary rocks
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The fastest waves produced by an earthquake are ____ waves.
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primary
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These longitudinal waves pass through the bulk of the earth, including liquid or molten regions,like the outer core
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Primary waves
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These transverse waves pass through the bulk of the earth, but not through liquid or moltenregions, like the outer core.
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Secondary waves
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These surface waves are transverse, but they only shake the ground horizontally.
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Love waves
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These surface waves are transverse and vertical.
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Raleigh waves
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At the Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity, ___.
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all body waves speed up
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The Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity marks ___.
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the transition from the crust to the mantle
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The earth’s crust is ___ thick.
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between 5 km and 50 km
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The lithosphere ___.
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consists of the crust and the top of the upper mantle
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The asthenosphere ___.
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is the plastic (deformable) region of the upper mantle on which tectonic plates float
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The principle of isostasy ____.
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explains the greater height and depth of continental crust relative to oceanic crust in termsof buoyancy
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The evidence in favor of continental drift consists of ___.
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a) the jigsaw-puzzle-like match between the outline of continental shelves b) paradoxes in the paleoclimate c) the distribution of similar fossil species d) paleomagnetic paradoxes regarding the ancient positions of the magnetic poles
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The hypothesis of continental drift was originally dismissed because ___.
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no adequate explanation was given for how and why the continents move
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New crust is created at ___ plate boundaries.
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divergent
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An example of convergent plate boundaries is ___.
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the Andes Mountains (the oceanic Nazca Plate and the continental South American Plate)
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An example of transform plate boundaries is ___.
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the San Andreas Fault (the oceanic Pacific Plate and the continental North AmericanPlate)
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An example of divergent plate boundaries is ___.
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the East African Rift (the continental Nubian Plate and the continental Somali Plate)
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The energy involved in an earthquake ___ its magnitude (Richter scale).
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varies exponentially with
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In a normal fault, __.
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the crust is in tension, which may or may not be caused by diverging plates
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In a reverse fault, __.
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the crust is in compression, which may or may not be caused by converging plates
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Tsunamis tend to be associated with underwater __ faults
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reverse
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When the layers of the folded crust tilt toward the fault axis, the fold is called __.
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a syncline
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When the layers of the folded crust tilt away from the fault axis, the fold is called __.
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an anticline
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Aspirin is a(n) ___.
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carboxylic acid
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