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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the sytematic search for answers
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Inquiry
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A testable relationship between an independent and dependent variable (if, then)
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Hypothesis
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A property that may have different values in various cases.
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Variable
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what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.
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Manipulated or dependent variable
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is a factor that can be varied or manipulated in an experiment (e.g. time, temperature, concentration, etc). It is usually what will affect the other variable.
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Responding or independent variable
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means managing the conditions of an investigation
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Control or constant variable
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are inferred explanations for observable phenomena
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Theory
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has variables,can be measured; is the process that encompasses all of the basic and integrated processes
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experiment
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Using one or more senses to describe an object or phenomena; Use measurement to enhance observations
Use hand lenses, microscopes and telescopes to add detail |
Observation
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Based on observations; Draw a conclusion based on information not directed observed; Based on past experiences and patterns
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Inference
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Statement of support or non support of original hypothesis; Revised hypothesis if needed
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Conclusion
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Description of any unusual events; What you would do differently next time; Ideas for extensions
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Analyze
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The act or process of turning around a center or an axis
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Rotation
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Orbital motion about a point, especially as distinguished from axial rotation
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Revolution
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is a closed path that an object takes as it revolves around another body. they are generally elliptical, but may be perturbed by the presence of yet other bodies and may even form unusual figures.
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Orbit
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Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter lies a belt of objects smaller than any planet; They are composed mainly of rock and iron; They orbit the Sun in the same way as the planets; Craters observed on moon and on Mars are probably result of collisions with these; Some craters on Earth can be explained most easily as the results of collisions with these millions of years ago
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Asteroid
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are masses of stone and iron from space that sometimes strike Earth; many enter Earth’s atmosphere, but few reach the surface; Most are burned up by friction as they move through the atmosphere; If they reach the Earth’s surface, they are known as this!
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Meteorite
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A sudden eruption of hydrogen gas on the surface of the sun, usually associated with sunspots and accompanied by a burst of ultraviolet radiation that is often followed by a magnetic disturbance.
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Solar Flare
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Extending present observations back to a point of origin, some astronomers conclude that the universe began some 8 to 20 billion years ago when all matter, at that time condensed into a tiny volume of space and exploded and that sent it off in all directions
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Big Bang Theory
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center; inner - solid metal; Outer - melted metal; very hot
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Core
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very thick; Upper - solid rock; Lower - partly melted rock
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Mantle
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very thin; always changing; Oceanic - Found below oceans
Deepest - Mariana Trench 11km deep; Continental - Forms land Highest - Mt Everest 9km high |
Crust
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Three concepts are important in the study and use of this: (1) they represent the remains of once-living organisms. (2) Most are the remains of extinct organisms. (3) The kinds of them found in rocks of different ages differ because life on Earth has changed through time.
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fossils
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3000+; Rocks are made of them; an inorganic solid substance that occurs naturally in rocks and in the ground and has its own characteristic appearance and chemical composition
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minerals
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Made of Minerals; any consolidated material such as granite or limestone, or unconsolidated material such as sand or mud, consisting of more than one mineral and sometimes organic material;
Identification made by composition and how made |
rocks
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Does it make a mark on the plate and what color mark?
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Streak
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Can something scratch the mineral and what can scratch it?
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Hardness
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fracture; How does it break?
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cleavage
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1-Talc – soft, greasy, flakes on fingers
2-Gypsum – scratched by fingernail 3-Calcite – scratched by penny 4-Fluorite, scratched easily by knife 5-Apatite – scratched by knife with difficulty 6-Orthoclase – scratched by glass 7-Quartz – scratches steel file 8-Topaz – scratches quartz 9-Corundum 10-Diamond |
Moh's Scale
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A planar feature, such as a bedding plane, that has been strongly warped, presumably by deformation
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Fold
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A planar or gently curved fracture in the Earth's crust across which there has been relative displacement.
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fault
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A broad and gentle epeirogenic increase in the elevation of a region without a eustatic change of sea level.
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uplift
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Moving of weathered materials
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Erosion
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breaking down of rocks
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Weathering
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Changes the minerals that make up rocks; Caused by water, oxygen and acids
Examples: Limestone caves Iron + oxygen = rust Lichens and mosses on rocks Acid rain |
Chemical Weathering
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Changes the sizes and shapes of rocks; Caused by:
Wind Running water Frozen water Living things Human activity |
Physical or mechanical weathering
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Happens when the water slows down; Large sediment is dropped first; Sediment forms new land
Delta Beaches Sand bars |
Deposition
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helps for erosion control
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Silt fence
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look up
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Implications of erosion & deposition
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A body of sediment deposited in an ocean or lake at the mouth of a stream.
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Delta
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From cooling magma
Examples Granite – Stone Mountain – batholithic Basalt – small crystals, cools rapidly Quartz – large crystals, cools slowly Obsidian – glasslike, volcanic |
Igneous Rock
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An igneous rock body that has forced its way in a molten state into surrounding country rock.
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Intrusion
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melted rock; Molten rock material that forms igneous rocks upon cooling; once this reaches the earth's surface it is considered lava
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Magma
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From pressed and cemented sediments
Often contains fossils Examples Shale – mud Sandstone – sand Limestone – shells, dissolved lime |
Sedimentary rock
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From heat and pressure
Examples Marble – from limestone Gneiss (nice) – from granite Slate – from shale |
Metamorphic rock
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The Earth is made of about 20 plates; They fit together like puzzle pieces; They move slowly on the mantle; They cause earthquakes and volcanoes
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Theory of Plate Tectonics
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Plates come apart; Sea floor spreading - Mid Atlantic ridge
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Divergent boundary
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Plates come together; Mountain building - Himalayas
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Convergent boundary
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Plates slide beside each other; San Andreas fault
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Transform-fault boundary
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The mechanism by which new sea floor crust is created at ridges in divergence zones and adjacent plates are moved apart to make room; Mid Atlantic ridge
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Sea floor spreading
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formed by Sea floor spreading
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Continuous, submarine mountain chain extending approximately 50,000 mi (80,000 km) through all the world's oceans, separating them into distinct basins.
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Oceanic Ridge
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deepest in the oceanic crust
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Mariana trench
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highest in the continental crust
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Mt. Everest
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where weather takes place
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troposphere
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Jets fly in the lower layers; region between the troposphere and mesosphere, extending from 10 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface.
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stratosphere
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A region of the upper atmosphere, between about 15 and 30 kilometers (10 and 20 miles) in altitude, containing a relatively high concentration of ozone that absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation in a wavelength range not screened by other atmospheric components
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Ozone layer
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These clouds usually have flat bases and lumpy tops. These clouds are usually very isolated with large areas of blue sky in between the clouds. Most of these clouds form below 6,000 feet and are relatively thin and associated with fair weather.
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Cumulus
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These clouds are thin, wispy clouds that usually form above 18,000 feet. These clouds are blown by strong westerly winds aloft into streamers known as "mares' tails" These clouds generally move from west to east across the sky and usually "point" to fair weather. These clouds form when water vapor undergoes deposition and forms ice crystals.
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Cirrus
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These clouds are uniform gray clouds that usually cover the entire sky. Precipitation rarely falls from true blank clouds, but light mist and drizzle can sometimes accompany these clouds.
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Stratus
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there are two types of this kind (1)Cumulonimbus – short violent storms and
(2)Nimbostratus – long steady rain, snow |
Nimbus
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These are characterized by sinking air at their center and mostly precipitation-free, clear skies. The highest pressure is found at it central core and pressure decreases outward.
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High pressure system
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These are characterized by rising air at the center
The presence or approach of a low pressure cell signals cloudy and wet weather. |
Low pressure system
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Occurs when a cold air mass pushes along a warm air mass;
Cumulus clouds are usually associated; Usually a quick violent storm; After the rain, the temperature is cooler; Severity is associated with the difference between masses |
Cold front system
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It occurs when a warm air mass pushes along a cold air mass, the warm air has a tendency to rise over the cooler air; Cirrus and stratus clouds are usually associated; Long steady rains followed by warm moist air
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Warm front system
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A transition zone between two nearly stationary air masses of different density.
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Stationary front
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About March 21; Equal day hours and night hours; Sun’s rays at 90 degrees on the equator; The same for every latitude
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Vernal equinox
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About September 21; Equal day hours and night hours; Sun’s rays at 90 degrees on the equator; The same for every latitude
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Autumnal equinox
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About December 21; The sun’s rays are directly on the Tropic of Capricorn; Fewer hours of daylight that darkness; The hours or light decrease as the latitude increases; Above the Arctic Circle there is no sunrise; The opposite happens in the Southern Hemisphere
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Winter solstice
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About June 21; The sun’s rays are directly on the Tropic of Cancer; More hours of daylight that darkness; The hours or light increase as the latitude increases; The opposite happens in the Southern Hemisphere; Above the Arctic Circle there is no sunset
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Summer solstice
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The ratio of the amount of moisture the atmosphere contains to the amount it would contain at the saturation (condensation) level at a particular temperature is blank blank
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Relative humidity
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The temperature at which a given body of air becomes saturated
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Dew point
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area near equator that experiences low pressures and light shifting winds.
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Doldrums
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Any of a consistent system of prevailing winds occupying most of the tropics, constituting the major component of the general circulation of the atmosphere, and blowing northeasterly in the Northern Hemisphere and southeasterly in the Southern Hemisphere
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Trade winds
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located between 60 – 90 degrees north and south of the Equator
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Easterlies
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located between 30 - 60 degrees north and south of the Equator
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Westerlies
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measures pressure
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Barometer
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An instrument for measuring wind force and velocity.
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Anemometer
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An instrument used to indicate wind direction, consisting basically of an asymmetrically shaped object mounted at its center of gravity about a vertical axis; the end which offers the greater resistance to the motion of air moves to the downwind position; the direction of the wind is determined by reference to an attached oriented compass rose.
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Wind vane
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A thermometer having the bulb covered with a cloth, usually muslin or cambric, saturated with water.
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Wet-bulb thermometer
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the process by which an element changes phase from a liquid to a gas; the opposite of condensation.
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Evaporation
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The process by which a gas or vapor changes to a liquid
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Condensation
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rain, drizzle and other forms of moisture falling from clouds. Raindrops form around particles of dust or salt, join other water droplets or ice droplets and fall when sufficently heavy in the from of liquid or ice, depending on the quantity of collected ice crystals.
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Precipitation
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last phase of the water cycle
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Accumulation
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