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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protist
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- have membrane bound organelles
- multiple linear chromosomes - cytoplasmic organelles - eukaryotes - very diverse, - not: prokaryotes, animals, plants, fungi |
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Phytoplankton
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-microscopic
Organisms that capture the energy of sunlight in nearly all aquatic environments. - provide organic substances and oxygen for heterotrophic bacteria, other protists, and the small crustaceans and animal larvae that make up Zooplankton |
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Zooplankton
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small, animals that float in aquatic habitats.
- get nutrition from phytoplankton |
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Plankton
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small, organisms floating in the sea or fresh water
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Contractile Vacuole
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- prevents a protists from bursting in its water environment.
- a specialized cytoplasmic organelle that gradually fills with fluid. - once it reaches the maximum size, move to the plasma membrane, forcible contracts and expels water to the outside through a pore. |
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9+2 organization:
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Eukaryotic cells only,
A bundle of microtubules that extends from the base. 9 doubles surrounding 2 centrals. Dynein motor proteins move the microtubules. Moves in a whip like motion. |
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Alternation of generations:
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Regular alternation of mode of reproduction in the life cycle of an organism, such as the alternation between diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) phases in plants.
- Humans: haploid only in gametes, otherwise all diploid. |
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Ameboid (Amoeboid) movement:
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When the cell extends one or more false lobes of cytoplasm called pseudopodia. Then the rest of the cytoplasm and the nucleus flow into the pseudopodium, completing the movement. The cytoplasm changes state from more liquid to more solid. ectoplasm: more solid, endoplasm: more liquid
Front: endoplasm to ectoplasm Back: ectoplasm to endoplasm |
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Antibody:
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Highly specific soluble protein molecule that circulates in the blood and lymph, recognizing and binding to antigens and clearing them from the body.
- if we don’t know this by now, we should drop out. |
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Antigen:
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any foreign molecule that triggers an immune response
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Archea:
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One of two domains of prokaryotes: Achaeans have some unique molecular and biochemical traits, but they also share some traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes.
- represent some of the first life on the plant. - Usually found in extreme environments like that of early earth |
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Asexual reproduction:
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Any mode of reproduction in which a single individual gives rise to offspring which fusion of gametes
- no genetic input from another individual. - Ex: binary fusion - Before sexual reproduction in evolution, - Rely on mutations for genetic variety - faster, gave earth the early variation |
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Bacteria:
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One of the two domains of prokaryotes
- collectively, bacteria are the most metabolically diverse organisms, can undergo all metabolic pathways - Many pathogenic bacterium of importance to humans - Habituated early earth - Cyanobacteria put oxygen in the world’s atmosphere and seas, the basis for other evolutionary life. |
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Bacteriophage:
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- A virus that infects bacteria
- Responsible for making sure earth is not overrun and over populated with bacteria - A key part of transduction and bacterial genetic variation |
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Capsid protein:
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- protein shell of viral genome
- classified according structure - polyhedral or helical - some capside proteins are enveloped as well |
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Chloroplast:
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Site of photosynthesis. Harness of light energy to make organic molecules.
- theory that they originated as cyanobacteria and was engulfed by a bacterium that already had mitochondria- endosymbiosis |
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Cilia:
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Motile structures that extend from the cell surface
- Move liquid and particles over the cell - Structure the same as eukaryotic flagella except usually shorter and occur in greater number - Surrounded by plasma membrane |
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Diploid:
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An organism or cell with two copies of each type of chromosome in its nucleus.
Ex: humans. Zygote |
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Diplontic:
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An organism that spends most of its life in the diploid state. Ie. Humans.
- usually only undergo mitosis in the diploid phase. From haploid gametes that from diploid zygotes and divide. |
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Ectoplasm:
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The outer cytoplasm,
More solid used in amoebas for movement |
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Endomembrane system:
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In eukaryotes
- a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments - Important to the evolution of eukaryote cells, allowed them to become bigger and more sophisticated. |
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Endoplasm:
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The inner cytoplasm
used in amoebas for movement, less solid |
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Endosymbiosis:
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The theory behind the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. A large bacterium engulfed a smaller one and did not digest it, instead the smaller one was highly specialized in oxidative phosphoralation and the two developed a highly advantageous symbiosis.
Evidence: 1. Mitochondria: have two membranes. One from host, one from itself. Mitochondria membranes more closely resemble bacterial membranes. 2. Mitochondria have their own DNA that is circular (bacteria similar). 3. Have bacterial ribosomes (smaller then eukaryotic ones) - very important adaption for the explosion of eukaryotic life froms. |
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Enveloped virus:
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A virus with a surface membrane derived from its host
- much more pathogenic (HIV) because it is harder to destroy the lipid membrane |
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Epidemic:
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Relativly high numbers of a disease
- Higher then the normal number of cases in a population - Ex: swine flu |
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Eukarya:
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The domain that includes all eukaryotes:
-Organisms with membrane bound organelles, and nucleus within all cells - includes: protists, plants, fungi, and animals - appear during the Proterozoic era |
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Flagellum:
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Different in Eukaryotes and Prokaryote. Serve same function but don’t have the same structure, do not have the same evolutionary past, therefore analogous structures.
Eukaryotes- 9+ 2 organization of microtubules, whip like movement Prokaryotes- Made of a single protein called flagellin, moves by rotating |
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Gametocyte:
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A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. Male gametocytes are called spermatocytes, and female gametocytes are called oocytes.
In malaria parasite, these are taken up during a mosquito blood meal and use the stomach lining to become zygotes. |
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Haploid:
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An organism or cell with only one type of each chromosome in its nuclei
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Haplontic:
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An organism that spends most of its life in the haploid state.
Ex: fungi |
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Histone proteins:
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small protein that is complexed with DNA in the chromosomes of eukaryotes. Help pack the DNA into the nucleous, protects the DNA, stops it from being coded.
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Host:
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The species being fed on by a parasite. The organism infected by bacteria.
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Immune system:
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Combined body defences-
Innate and acquired Used to eliminate infections |
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Latent viral phase:
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Virus remains in the cell in an inactive from (animal cells)
Ex the herpesvirues. |
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Lysogenic replication:
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Cycle in which the DNA of the bacteriophage is integrated into the DNA of the host bacteria. May stay that way for many generations.
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Lytic replication:
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The series of events from infection of one bacterial cell by a phage though the release of progeny phages from lysed cells.
- can be a factor in transduction |
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Malaria:
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- proterizoic parasite, Plasmodium
Conquers mosquito and human. It increases massive in numbers of cells. The parasite gets high levels in both hosts. Mosquito eat blood. In the blood meal there are gametocytes, when they enter the stomach of the mosquito, one turns into the egg the other the sperm, now you have a zygote, now in the diploid state. This organism now embeds in mosquito cell, starts massive reproduction. Produces sporozoites, which go to salivary glands and gets injected in human host, malaria parasite is injected. Goes to liver cells, invades and increases in numbers, liver cell bursts, and sends parasite into human host. Now merzoites are swimming blood, go inside red blood cell, here called trophozites, and feed on hemoglobin. Will have stripped cell, wll be realesed in blood stream and causes huge amounts to lyses, person gets fever, Attracks mosiquto, who gets the parasite. cycle repeats The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect red blood cells . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. |
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Meiosis:
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The division of diploid cells to haploid. Consisting on two rounds of nuclear and cellular division.
- necessary for sexual reproduction - Meiosis I and Meiosis II |
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Merozoite:
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The merozoites are released from the liver to the blood where they are taken up by the red blood corpuscles. Some of these turn into ring-formed trophozoites
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Metachronal wave:
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- the beating of cilia in a wave so that the organism can have net movement
- Cilia beat in oar like power stroke with a recovery stroke - Some in recovery while other in power |
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Mitochondria:
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Membrane- bound organelle responsible for synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.
- theory that they originated as small bacterium which specialized in oxidative phosphoralation and was engulfed by a larger bacterium- endosymbiosis |
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Mitosis:
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-Nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei that are exact genetic copies of the parental nucleus
- eukaryotic |
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Nonenveloped virus:
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- a virus without a coat of the host cell membrane
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Nuclear envelope:
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In eukaryotes
- membranes separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm - compartmentalizes DNA |
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Parasite:
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An organism that feeds on the tissues of or otherwise exploits its host.
- undergoes a unique life cycle - usually a specialist to certain organisms or cells |
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Peptidoglycan:
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Sturctural element of bacterial cell walls
Polysaccaride backbone tied together by short polypeptide chain Important in classification and treatment of bacterim Gram Positive: thick layer Gram Negative: thin layer with plasma membrane on either side. |
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Planar flagellar beat:
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- Breaststroke like
- Flagella beat in oar like power stroke with a recovery stroke - May have two flagella on either side like in algae. |
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Plasmodium:
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-Cause of Malaria
- Parasitic - regulary changes surface molecules making it hard for the host to find and destroy it. - vaccines available |
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Plastid:
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-A family of plant organelles
-Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. - Where photosynthesis occurs, where chloroplasts are contained |
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Primary consumers:
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A herbovore, A member of the second trophic level
- zooplankton - Ate what the protists provided |
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Primary producers:
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An autotroph
-usually photosynthetic - first trophic level - protists very important in development of the food stage even at one cell stage - phytoplankton still important today |
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Proterozoic:
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One of four major eons of earths history
2500 – 550 Ma Oxygen in atmosphere causes the complexity of cells to go up - Single celled eukaryotes dominate the eon with a wide array of diversity: the protists |
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Reverse transcriptase:
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An enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make a DNA copy.
- Goes against central dogma - Used by RNA viruses to insert its RNA into the hosts DNA (ex: HIV) |
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RNA polymerase (simple and complex):
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- An enzyme that catalyzes the assembly of nucleotides in an RNA strand
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Secondary endosymbiosis:
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- Model for the the origin of plastids in eukaryotes
- The second event: in which nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic eukayote. - Seen in algae - Not in land plants |
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Peptidoglycan:
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Sturctural element of bacterial cell walls
Polysaccaride backbone tied together by short polypeptide chain Important in classification and treatment of bacterim Gram Positive: thick layer Gram Negative: thin layer with plasma membrane on either side. |
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Planar flagellar beat:
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- Breaststroke like
- Flagella beat in oar like power stroke with a recovery stroke - May have two flagella on either side like in algae. |
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Plasmodium:
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-Cause of Malaria
- Parasitic - regulary changes surface molecules making it hard for the host to find and destroy it. - vaccines available |
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Plastid:
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-A family of plant organelles
-Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. - Where photosynthesis occurs, where chloroplasts are contained |
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Primary consumers:
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A herbovore, A member of the second trophic level
- zooplankton - Ate what the protists provided |
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Primary producers:
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An autotroph
-usually photosynthetic - first trophic level - protists very important in development of the food stage even at one cell stage - phytoplankton still important today |
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Proterozoic:
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One of four major eons of earths history
2500 – 550 Ma Oxygen in atmosphere causes the complexity of cells to go up - Single celled eukaryotes dominate the eon with a wide array of diversity: the protists |
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Reverse transcriptase:
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An enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make a DNA copy.
- Goes against central dogma - Used by RNA viruses to insert its RNA into the hosts DNA (ex: HIV) |
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RNA polymerase (simple and complex):
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- An enzyme that catalyzes the assembly of nucleotides in an RNA strand
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Secondary endosymbiosis:
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- Model for the the origin of plastids in eukaryotes
- The second event: in which nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic eukayote. - Seen in algae - Not in land plants |
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Sexual reproduction:
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-Mode of reproduction in which male and female parents produce offspring though the union of egg and sperm generated by meiosis
- Great genetic variability - Haploids come together to from diploid offspring |
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Spiral flagellar beat:
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Whip like s bend, a corkscrew ???
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Sporozoite:
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- Gamatocytes embeds in mosquito cell, starts massive reproduction and Produce sporozoites.
- from in the salivary gland - passed to man when bitten. - Travels with blood to liver and enters liver cells which burst releasing merozoites |
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Trophozoite:
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- Merozoites enter blood cells, and become trophozoites which feed on the blood hemoglobin
- Strip cell and cause massive lysis and release of merozoites, which causes a fever - Attracks mozquitos to bite. - Left over ones can become gametocytes |
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Vaccine:
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- weakened from of a pathogen to patients
- gives immunity to subsequent infections and disease caused by the pathogen - Many different types of vaccines - Effective in reducing the cases of certain infections |
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Virion:
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A complete virus particle
- existing outside of host cells and having full infectivity. - Generally consists of a nucleic acid core, various viral proteins, and in some species an external envelope. |
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Virus:
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An infectious agent that contains either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
- Responsible for keeping the balance in multiple ecosystems. - Keeps the world from being overrun with bacteria - Some pathogenic towards humans, harder to treat then bacterium |
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Zygote.
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A fertilized egg, male and female gametes come together
- Haploid cells come together to from a diploid. - Divides by mitosis |
