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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amoeba move by which method of locomotion?
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Pseudopodia
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What are the 4 protoza belonging to the Amoeba category?
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Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba invadens, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri
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What are the 2 protoza belonging to the ciliates group?
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Balantidium coli, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich)
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What are the 3 hemoflagellates?
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Trypanosoma equiperdum, Trypanosoma evansi, Leishmania
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What are the 3 mucosoflagellates?
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Giardia, Trichomona, Spironucleus
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What are the 3 enteric coccidia?
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Eimeria, Isospora, Cryptosporidium
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What are the 3 enteric and/or tissue apicomplexa?
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Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Neospora
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What are the 3 Haemosporidia? (invade endothelial cells and RBCs)
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Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon
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What are the 3 piroplasmids? (invade lymphocytes, macrophages, or RBCs)
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Theileria, Cytauxzoon, Babesia
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What is the protozoa that invades tissue and bloodstream leukocytes?
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Hepatozoon
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What is schizogony/merogony?
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Asexual reproduction by multiple fission - occurs in apicomplexans
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What is sporogony?
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Asexual reproduction within an oocyst - occurs in apicomplexans
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What causes amoebiasis / amoebic dysentery in humans?
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Entamoeba histolytica
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what characteristic lesion would you see with an Entamoeba histolytica infection?
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flask shaped ulcerations in the gut wall
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What are possible complicatoins to an Entamoeba histolytica infection?
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Perforation of the gut wall leading to peritonitis; abscesses in other organs (most commonly the liver)
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What is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica?
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The cyst
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Is the life cycle of the Amoeba group direct or indirect?
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Direct
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Is the human or the pet more likely to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica?
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The human. The parasite is primarily transmissible from humans to pets, and if the pet is infected the human most likely gave it to them.
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How do you ID Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in a fecal smear?
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Stain with methylene blue or use a wet mount. Should only be done in clinicaly affected dogs. Need to differentiate from commensal amoebae - ingested RBC in amoeba is characteristic of a pathogenic amoeba.
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How many nuclei does the mature cyst of an Entamoeba histolytica contain?
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4
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What protozoa causes amoebiasis in reptiles?
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Entamoeba invadens
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What reptiles does Entamoeba invadens primarily affect?
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Captive snakes - turtles and tortoises are less susceptible to disease but can be a source of infection for captive snakes.
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What is special about the trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens?
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They are more active at room temperature (because they are found in a cold-blooded species)
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What amoeba is a ubiquitous free-living organism that is an accidental parasite, most likely in immunocompromised hosts?
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Acanthamoeba
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What amoeba causes chronic keratitis in contact lens wearing humans and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis as a chronic form of disease?
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Acanthamoeba
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What amoeba causes pneumonia and meningoencephalitis in canines? With possible fever, oculonasal discharge, and other neurologic signs.
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Acanthamoeba
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What amoeba is seen in epizootics in greyhounds in SE US? Seen mostly in dogs less than 1 year old.
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Acanthamoeba
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What amoeba causes chronic granulomatous inflammation in the lungs, CNS and kidneys?
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Acanthamoeba
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What protozoa occurs in thermally enriched waters and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans?
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Naegleria fowleri
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What amoeba enters the nasal cavity and migrates to the CNS via the olfactory nerve, causing an acute and fatal hemorrhagic and necrotizing meningoencephalitis?
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Naegleria fowleri
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What protozoa is a ubiquitous nonpathogenic commensal of the swine colon but is a potential zoonotic human pathogen?
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Balantidium suis (likely B. coli)
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What causes Ich or White Spot Disease in fish?
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
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What are trypomastigotes?
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Trophozoites of kinetoplasts that are free swimming or within tissue - S or C shaped
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What are amastigotes?
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Trophozoites of kinetoplasts that are within cells
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What group of protozoa lack a cyst stage?
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Kinetoplasts (Hemoflagellates)
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Which kinetoplasts only have a trypomastigote form of a trophozoite?
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African Trypanosomes
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Which kinetoplast has both trypomastigote and amastigote forms of trophozoites?
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American Trypanosoma cruzi
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Which kinetoplast only has an amastigote form of trophozoite?
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Leishmania
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What are the two groupings of trypanosomes based on their mechanism of vector-mediated transmission?
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Stercoraria and Salivaria
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What group of trypanosomes are transmitted by the insect vector defecating near the bite wound?
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Stercoraria
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The infectious form of Stercorarian trypanosomes is found where within the vector?
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Hindgut and feces
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What type of transmission occurs with stercorarian trypanosomes?
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Contaminative
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What is the vector for transmitting Trypanosoma theileri?
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Biting flies
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What is the vector for transmitting Trypanosoma melophagium?
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Sheep keds
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What is the vector for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Reduviid bugs
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Most stercorarian trypanosomes are non-pathogens, except which one?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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What is a stercorarian trypanosome of cattle that is transmitted by tabanid flies?
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Trypanosoma theileri
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What is a stercorarian trypanosome of sheep that is transmitted by the sheep ked?
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Trypanosoma melophagium
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What protozoa causes Chaga's disease?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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What is the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Reduviid bugs
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What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Metacyclic
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What fatal condition do dogs often develop with a chronic Tyrpanosoma cruzi infection?
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Fatal dilated cardiomyopathy
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What protozoa should you consider in young dogs with heart failure, myocarditis, or cardiomyopathy that isn't congenital?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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What form of tranmission is used by Salivarian trypanosomes?
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Inoculative transmission via bite from vector
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Where is the infective form of salivarian trypanosomes found within the vector?
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salivary glands
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What is an important characteristic of salivarian trypanosomes that allows them to stay one step ahead of the host's immune system by producing variable surface glycoprotein (VSG)?
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Salivarian Trypanosomes
aka African Trypansomes (T. congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei) |
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What african trypanosome is found in cattle (and sometimes horses) and is transmitted by the tsetse fly?
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Trypanosoma vivax
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What parasite causes Dourine?
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Trypanosoma equiperdum
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What parasite causes pathognomonic urticarial cutaneous plaques ("silver dollar plaques") on the chest, flank and rump of horses?
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Trypanosoma equiperdum
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What blood parasite causes "Surra" principally in camels and horses?
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Trypanosoma evansi
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What is the vector of Leishmania?
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Sand flies
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What are the two forms of Leishmaniasis?
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Visceral and cutaneous
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Where is the most common location for lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
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nose and ears
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Describe Assemblage A of Giardia.
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Zoonotic; G. duodenalis; humans, lovestock, dog, cat, beaver, guinea pigs, deer, prarie dogs, bobcat, others.
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Describe Assembalge B of Giardia.
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Zoonotic; G. enterica; humans, dogs, beavers, muskrats, rat, other wild animals
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Describe Assemblage C and D of Giardia.
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G. canis; dogs
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Describe Assemblage E of Giardia.
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G. bovis; artiodactyl species
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Describe Assemblage F of Giardia.
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G. cati; cats
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What do you need to do to accurately perform a fecal smear for Giardia?
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use fresh feces kept cool and examined ASAP (or preserved promptly)
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What is the best method to diagnose Giardia by fecal flotation?
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Centrifugal flotation in zinc sulfate (sugar will distort the cysts)
there will be a "falling leaf" motion of cysts on a wet mount |
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What protozoa causes hexamitosis/infectious catarrhal enteritis of poultry, especially turkeys, but NOT chickens?
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Spironucleus meleagridis
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What parasites lack a cyst stage? There are 6 genera
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Trichomonas, Tritrichomonas, Histomonas, Spironucleus melagridis, Trypanosoma, Leishmania
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What protozoa is found in many galliform hosts, has extremely high mortality in turkeys, decreases production in chickens and survives in the cecal worm (Heterakis) to maintain cycle of infection?
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Histomonas meleagridis
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What causes infectious enterohepatittis in galliform species, especially turkeys?
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Histomonas meleagridis
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What causes "canker" in pigeons/doves and "frounce" in birds of prey/poultry?
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Trichomonas gallinae
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What causes raised accumulations of caseous yellow to white exudate (plaques) on the mucosal surfaces of the mouth, crop and sinuses of birds?
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Trichomonas gallinae
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What is a differential for Trichomonas gallinae infection?
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Trush (candidiasis)
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What causes a worldwide venereal disease of cattle that causes cows to retur to estrus after being bred without any other signs of infection?
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Tritrichomonas foetus
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what causes a cow to be infertile for 2-6 months, resulting in repeated breeding, but the cow will clear the infection and can be re-bred and conceive in 1-4 months?
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Tritrichomonas foetus
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What are differentials for Tritrichomonas foetus?
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Vibriosis, Leptosporosis, Brucellosis
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How can you help clear infection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cows?
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Vaccinate them - will help clear infection but won't prevent it! It does nothing in bulls.
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A trichomonad indistinguishable from T. foetus causes a lage bowel diarrhea in what animal?
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Cats
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What is the infective stage of Eimeria?
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sporulated oocyst
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Where does sporulation of the Eimeria oocyst occur?
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in the environment
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All Eimeria species sporulated cysts contain?
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4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites each
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What causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis?
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Sarcocystis species
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What is the life cycle of Sarcocystis species?
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Carnivore = DH
Herbivore/omnivore = IH |
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What are the two phases of merogony in the IH of Sarcocystis species?
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Vascular and Muscular phases
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What are some differentials for canine toxoplasmosis?
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Neosporosis and distemper
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What coccidian causes fetal death and abortion in small ruminants? You will often see multiple, white, mineralized chalky nodules on the cotyledons.
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Toxoplasmosis gondii
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