Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how is babesia transmitted?
|
tick borne
|
|
|
which spp of babesia is more severe?
and where is it found? |
b. divergens
|
|
|
which spp of babesia is less severe?
and where is it found? |
b. microti
|
|
|
what sort of clinical manifestations occur in babesia infection?
|
malaria like flu symptoms
hemolytic anemia jauncdice hemoglobinuria |
|
|
how do you diagnose babesia?
|
thick or thin blood smear
|
|
|
how do you treat babesia?
|
atovaquone + azithromycin (fever side effects than others)
|
|
|
How do you control babesia?
|
avoid tick bite
DUH |
|
|
what are coccidia?
|
a thick walled oocysts excreted in the feces
|
|
|
which coccidia is fecal-oral spread?
|
cryptosproidium
|
|
|
which species infects who of crypto?
|
c. parvum: humans and cows
c. hominis: humans only |
|
|
what symptoms do you see with cryptosporidium?
|
watery diarrhea
osmotic diarrhea villus atrophy decrased Na absorption increased Cl secretion increased intercellular perm crypt cell hyperplasia |
|
|
what is the extracytoplasmic location?
|
microvillli extend and fuse to enclose zoite
called adhesive zone, feeder organelle, etc |
|
|
what are some factors that make it easier for crypto to be passed through the water?
|
small oocysts
low infection dose robust oocysts resistant to chlorine survive up to 6 months at 4C monoxenous (requires only one host to complete life cycle) shared host specifity |
|
|
what is a unique transmission feature of c. hominis compared to c. parvum?
|
c. hominis has an anthroponotic tranmission (transferred to other animals) that c. parvum doesn't have much of
|
|
|
what symptoms dose isospora belli cause?
|
dysentery
steatorrhea more severe in infants and young children villous atrophy and crypt cell hyperplasia |
|
|
where do you usually find isospora belli
|
in the soil
|
|
|
what type of tranmission does isospora belli have?
|
soil transmitted
|
|
|
where does the oocyst mature in isospora belli
|
in the environment
goes from a oocyst (unsporulated-sporoblast) sporogony to a oocyst (sporulated - sporocyst) |
|
|
what is the transmission of cyclospora cayetanensis?
|
soil transmitted
|
|
|
where do oocysts mature in cyclospora cayetanensis?
|
soil
|
|
|
what is the reservoir for cyclospora cayetanensis
|
there isn't one
TRICK |
|
|
how is cyclospora cayetanensis usually transmitted
|
food borne outbreak
source always involves foreign country and fresh fruit or veg |
|
|
are outbreaks year round or seasonallywith cyclospora cayetanensis?
|
seasonnally
|
|
|
what type of symptoms do you see with cyclospora cayetanensis
|
watery diarrhea
lessening of symptoms with repeated exposure asymptomatic carries in endemic areas |
|
|
how do you diagnose all intestinal coccidia?
|
oocysts in feces
acid fast stains autofluorecence (iso and cyclo) direct observation (iso) |
|
|
how do you distinguish cryptosporidium, isospora belli, and cyclospora cayetanensis from one another
|
sizzzzzze
|
|
|
what is the treatment for cyclospora cayetanensis and isospora belli?
|
bactrim
|
|
|
what is the treatment for crypotosporidium
|
there isn't really a good treatment
|
|
|
what is the definitive host in toxo?
|
cats
|
|
|
which form/reproduction occurs in the definitivie host?
|
adult form
sexual reproducation |
|
|
what is the intermediate host in toxo?
|
humans
|
|
|
what forms/reproduction happens in the intermediate host of toxo?
|
immature forms
asexual reproduction |
|
|
what type of life cycle does toxo show
|
predator-prey life cycle
|
|
|
which stage in the toxo life cycle is chronic, infectious, and slow replicating?
|
bradyzoite stage
|
|
|
which stage in the toxo life cycle is acute, has rapid replicaiton?
|
tachyzoite stage
|
|
|
how does a human get toxo?
|
ingests oocyst (cat feces)
ingest zoites (undercooked meat) congenital infection (acute) blood transfussion (acute) organ transplant |
|
|
if you aquire toxo postnatally what symptoms do you usually see
|
lymphadenopathy without fever
|
|
|
what are the three exceptions that can cause a person to have symptoms instead of being asymptomatic in toxo
|
immunocomprimised
congenital infection ocular dz |
|
|
when must toxo infection occur for it to be congenital and passed to fetus?
|
shortly before or during pregnancy
|
|
|
when is toxo infection more severe for the fetus
|
earlier in preg
|
|
|
when does most toxo infection occur in the preg people
|
later in preg
|
|
|
what can happen if mother is infected with toxo while preg
|
spontaneous abortion
premature birth |
|
|
what occurs most often in fetus who are infected with toxo while in the belly
|
asymptomatic at birth and then develop problems in childhood/adolesence
|
|
|
what type of problems are seen in infants infected with toxo
|
eye and mental problems
retinochoroditis - immune hypersensitivity rarely from primary infection |
|
|
how do you diagnose toxo?
|
serology
compare samples 1-3 weeks intervals to determine acute vs chronic screening during pregnancy tests fetus in positive mom |
|
|
how do you treat toxo
|
if immunocompetant and greater than 5 with no severe symptoms - dont treat
antifolates bactrim not recommended for early preg clindamyocin for pts intolerant to sulfa drugs |
|
|
how do prevent get toxo
|
cook meat thourooughly (66 C 150F)
clean cat litter box every 24 hours or less (unrealistic) |
|
|
where is naegleria fowleri found
|
fresh water lakes and ponds that dont move
|
|
|
what main thing does naegleria fowleri cause
by the way the other ones dont do this |
primary amebic meningoencephalitis
1-14day incubation get it through nasal cavity or olfactory bulbs death in 4-5 days after symptoms starts troph is found in spinal fluid |
|
|
how do you treat naegleria fowleri
|
amphotericin b
|
|
|
how do you diagnose naegleria fowleri
|
trophs in spinal fluid
|
|
|
where do you find acanthamoeba
|
soil and water
|
|
|
what symptoms do you see with acanthamoeba
|
personality changes
encephalitis enters through the resp tract or wound amebic keratitis |
|
|
how do you diagnose acanthamoeba
|
hard to
cant find troph in spinal fluid |
|
|
how do you treat acanthamoeba
|
can't do that either.
bad news bears |
|
|
what is amebic keratitis
what are the predisposing factors what are the symptoms |
ocular trauma
contacts lens ocular pain corneal leasions |
|
|
how do you diagnose amebic keratitis
|
amebas in corneal scrapings
|
|
|
how do you treat amebic keratitis
|
polyhexameht something
corneal grafts |
|
|
where do you find balamuthia mandrillaris
|
soil
|
|
|
how is balamuthia mandrillaris different from others?
|
it is slow growing and it eats other amebas for breakfast
|
|
|
what are the red tides?
|
blooms of dinoflagellates
rapid population increase |
|
|
how do you get ciguatera poisoning
|
fish eat seaweed with dino
barracuda, grouper, jack, snapper 6 hours after meal you get symptoms neuro and cardio problems |
