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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy
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science of identifying, naming, & classifying species
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Systematics
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study of all kinds of biological diversity and the relationships between kinds
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Phylogeny
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Estimating of evolutionary history
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Cladograms
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diagrams used to illlustrate proposed relaitonships for phylogenetic analysis
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Monophyletic
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Group of organisms that include all descendents of one common ancestor
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Paraphyletic
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Group of organisms that has one common ancestor but not all its descendents
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Polyphyletic
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group of organisms with multiple ancestors
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Dinophyta
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Alveoli
Unicellular Chl a & c, peridinin Theca |
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Euglenophyta
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unicellular
paramylon pellicle |
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Cryptophyta
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chl a & c
starch evidence of endosymbiosis |
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Haptophyta
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unicellular and colonial
haptonema - whip catcher coccoliths |
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Heterokonts
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2 different flagella - tinsel and whiplash
4 membrane chloroplast |
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Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
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chl a & c and fucoxanthin
chrysolaminarin frustule (penate and centric) |
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Phaeophyta (brown algae)
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chl a & c, fucoxanthin
laminarin thallus (holdfast, stipe, blade) sieve tube comparible |
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Brown algae is important because
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source of food, feed, medicines, emulsifiers
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Oomycota
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fungi-like filaments
No P/S glycogen gametic l/c with oogamous sex |
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Chrysophyta
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chl a & c, fucoxanthin
store chrysolaminarin cell variation (wall-less, silica scales) |
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Rhodophyta (red algae)
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mostly multicellular
cha a & phycobilins floridan starch no flagela /pit cell connections |
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Chlorophyta (green algae)
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chl a & b
cell walls with cellulose mix close ot land plants starch in plastids |
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Chlorophyceae
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freshwater mostly
variety of multi and single cell, colonial, filament, motile and non motile. |
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Ulvophyceae
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marine some terrestrial
filament or parenchymatous |
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Coleochaetales
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sim. chloroplasts and pyrenoids
apical growth wall ingrowth similarities |
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Charales
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apical growth
parenchyma similar plasmodesmata close to terest. plants |
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Myxomycota (slime mold)
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plasmodium
heterotrophic engulf & absorb sclerotium and spores |
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Dictyosteliomycota (cellular slime molds)
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amoeba-like
aggregate to slug when no food sexual repro |
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Bryophytes
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!!
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3 phhyla of bryophytes
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hepatophyta (liverworts)
anthocerophyta (hornworts) bryophyta (mosses) |
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why are bryophytes important?
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carbon storage
indicator species extreme environments |
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Phylogeny of Land Plants
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confident of monophyletic lineage:
origins from periodic drying of land |
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Bryophytes similar to charophytes because...
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developed grana
asym motile cells with flagella nuclear env break during mitosis spindle during cytokinesis |
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New characteristics linked to surviving terrestrial climate
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LESS WATER
sporic life cycle matrotrophy |
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Other important characteristics
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apical meristem
plasomdesmata small size, a lot of clonal growth multiple chloroplasts per cell water for fertilization |
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Less water
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Protect from drying out (sterile jacket layers of cells)
Ability to dry and rewet absorption through whole body some with stomata |
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Sporic lifecycle
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Gametophyte dominant
spores main means of dispersal sperm are only flagellate |
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Matrotrophy
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Dep. Sporophyte
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Protonema
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young gametophyte
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Thallus with rhizoids
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stomata like structures
cuticle layer beginning |
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Gemmae
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asexual repro of some mosses and liverworts
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Antheridia
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haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperm). It is present in the gametophyte phase of lower plants like mosses and ferns
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Archegonia
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multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete
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Calyptra
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the calyptra (plural calyptrae) is an enlarged archegonia venter that protects the capsule containing the embryonic sporophyte.
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Dispersal mechanisms
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Elaters - helps "fling" spores
Operculum - cap Peristome - body |
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Hepatophyta
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small simple sporophyte
gemmae cups for asexu |
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Marchantia
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unisex gametophytes
gametophores (antheridiophores and archegoniophores) |
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Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
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thallus rosette
gameto similar to liverwords sporophyte longer and skinner (larger, basal meristem, cuticle and stomata) |
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Bryophyta
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peat mosses - sphagnidae
granite moss - andreaeideae true moss - bryidae |
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Peat Moss - Sphagnidae
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Economic and eco importance
ID by operculum, gametophyte morphology and protonema |
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Granite Moss - andreaeidae
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grows on rocks
unique spore dispersal from slits |
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True moss - bryidae
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branched protonema
rhizoids leaves 1 cell thick some conducting tissue peristome cushinoy or feathery |
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Hadrom
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conducting strand with hyroids and leptoids
similar to vascular tissue (no legnin!) |
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New characteristics
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sporophyte dominance
greater structure complex -tissue systems -vasc tissue -leaves (true) -2nd growth |
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Sporophyte dominance
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increased size
branching with many sporangia |
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Dermal changes
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cutical and stomata
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vascular
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lignin
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Tracheid Elements
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lignin wall thickenings
vessel elem evolved later earliest h20 conducting originally hollowed out cells |
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Protostele
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oldest in roots
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Siphonostele
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solid hollow cylinder gaps in cyl
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Eustele
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Cylinder is collection of bundles
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Leaves
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greater surface area
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microphylls
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single vascular strand
e.g. lycophytes |
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Megaphylls
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fusion of branches
e.g. pteridophytes and seed plants |
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megaphyll origin
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evenly branching stem
uneven stem planation webbing of P/S tissue |
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Heterospory
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two kinds of spore give rise to male or female gametophyte
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Homospory
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one kind of spore gives rise to gametophyte with male and female
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Exosporic
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gametophyte is larger and nutritionally independent
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Endosporic
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gametophyte is small, in spore wall, often dependent on sporophyte
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