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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolutionary theory of original Eukaryotic cells developed and introduced by Lynn Margulis |
Endosymbiotic Theory
Serial (Primary) Endosymbiosis |
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•1. infolding of the plasma membrane •2. infolding continues to form nuclear envelope andendomembrane system (ER) •3. engulfment of an aerobic heterotrophicprokaryote ----> mitochondrion •4. engulfment of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium----> chloroplast |
Primaryendosymbiosis |
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•Explainsthe evolution of the diverse protistanlineages •Aprocess in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed aphotosynthetic eukaryote (red or green algae) which survived symbiotically |
SecondaryEndosymbiosis |
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• allcontain flagella for locomotion –1. Phylum Diplomonadida –2. Phylum Parabasala –3. Phylum Kinetoplastida –4. Phylum Euglenophyta |
Flagellated Protists |
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–Diplomonads –2equally sized nuceli –Multipleflagella –Heterotrophic,intestinal parasites –Mitochondriawithout DNA, enzymes, and ETC–Anaerobic •Giardiaintestinalis |
PhylumDiplomonadida |
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–Parabasalids –Multipleflagella –Heterotrophic –Parasitesor mutualistic symbionts –Undulatingmembrane –Mitochondriawithout DNA, enzymes, and ETC •Trichomonasvaginalis •Trichonympha |
•PhylumParabasala |
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-kinetoplastids -bi-flagellated -heterotrophic parasites -undulating membrane -kinetoplast = an organized mass of DNA containedwithin a large mitochondrion*Trypanosoma |
Phylum Kinetoplastida |
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-euglenids -freshwater -bi-flagellated -mixotrophic -chloroplasts with primarily chlorophylls -glucose stored as paramylon by pyrenoid -pellicle – protein based covering (no cellwall) -photoreceptive eyespot *Euglena gracilis |
Phylum Euglenophyta |
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- All have membrane-bound sacs under the plasmamembrane that regulate water and ion balance and stabilize the cell’s surface 1. Phylum Dinoflagellata 2. Phylum Apicomplexa 3. Phylum Ciliophorad |
Alveolate Protists |
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•Marine •bi-flagellated •Flagellaextend from perpendicular grooves•Chloroplastwith carotenoid pigments•“armoredbody” – covered by numerous cellulose plates •Peridinium–mutualistic symbiont of coral reefs |
Phylum Dinoflagellata |
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•Unicellularparasites of vertebrates •Complexlife cycles within hosts and vectors•Producespores •Apicoplast –non-photosynthetic plastid for fatty acid synthesis ••Plasmodiumvivax– causes malaria and carried by female Anophelesmosquito |
PhylumApicomplexa |
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-Ciliatedprotozoans -Cilia for feeding and motility -Oralgroove leads to mouth-like buccal cavity -Macronucleus – polyploid nucleus for most cell functioning --Micronucleus – diploid nucleus for reproduction -Contractilevacuoles –store/release of excess water -Performsconjugation followed by reproduction |
Phylum Ciliophora |
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- Protistswith reproductive cells possessing two flagella - one “hairy” flagellum and onesmooth one. 1. Phylum Oomycota - water molds 2. Phylum Bacillariophyta -diatoms 3. Phylum Chrysophyta - golden algae 4. Phylum Phaeophyta - brown algae |
Stramenopiles |
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•Aquaticwater molds •Heterotrophic •Majorityare saprophytes •Capableof asexual and sexual reproduction –Zoosporangia –Antheridaand oogonia
•Achlya •Phytophthorainfestans–causes Irish Potato Famine• |
PhylumOomycota |
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•Non-motilefreshwater and marine diatoms•Majorityof plankton •Uniqueshapes and designs •Cellwalls composed primarily of silica•Chloroplastwith carotenoid pigments •Storeglucose as laminarin •Primaryproducers of aquatic food chain •Usesinclude: polishing agents (toothpaste),reflective paint, filters, diatomaceous earth |
PhylumBacillariophyta |
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••Goldenalgae •Marineand freshwater •Chloroplastswith golden and brown carotenoids •Somespecies are mixotrophic |
PhylumChrysophyta |
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•Brownalgae (1500 species of rockweeds and kelps) •Chloroplastswith chlorophylls a and c, xanthophylls andcarotene •Storeglucose as laminarin •Mostlycold, marine habitats •Cellwalls of algin •Uses: fertilizer, thickening agent in ice cream,cosmetics and paint |
PhylumPhaeophyta |
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- Usepseudopodia for movement and feed by phagocytosis 1. Phylum Gymnamoeba - free-living amoebas 2. Phylum Entamoeba - parasitic amoebas 3. Phylum Myxogastrida – plasmodialslime molds 4. Phylum Dictyostelida –cellular slime molds |
Amoebozoans |
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•Nakedand shelled free-living amoebas •Broadpseudopodia for movement and feeding•Feedby phagocytosis •Largenucleus •Numerousfood vacuoles •Amoebaproteus |
PhylumGymnamoeba |
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•Parasitcamoebas •Pseudopodiafor movement and feeding •Feedby phagocytosis •Entamoebahistolytica - causes amebic dysentery through contaminateddrinking water, food or utensils –3rdleading cause of death worldwide by a parasite |
PhylumEntamoeba |
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•Plasmodialslime molds •Brightlycolored – yellow or orange •Terrestrialand heterotrophic •Unicellular,but forms a multinucleated, plasmodial mass – produced through repetitive mitotic divisions without cytokinesis •Twotype of cytoplasm – gel and sol |
PhylumMyxogastrida |
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•Cellularslime molds •Terrestrialand heterotrophic •Solitaryamoeboid cells feed •Aggregationof amoeboid cells (never fuse) occurs when food is depleted •Aggregationmigrates as a “slug” •Sorocarp – areproductive sporangium is then produced |
PhylumDictyostelida |
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-Multicellular -4000species -Chloroplastswith chlorophylls a and d, phycobilins and carotenoids -Glucosestored as Floridean starch -Mostlywarm tropical marine habitats -Cellwalls of agar-Uses: agar plates, nori |
Phylum Rhodophyta – red algae |
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•Unicellularand multicellular •7000species •Chloroplastswith chlorophylls a and b, xanthophyll and carotene •Glucosestored as starch •Cellwalls of cellulose •Mostlyfreshwater and marine seaweeds•Somereproduce through alternation of generations •Closestliving ancestors to plants |
F. Phylum Chlorophyta – green algae |
