Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins, Waters

Front 1

What is proteins primary function?

Back 1

make new cells and rebuild tissues

Front 2

Proteins are the only nutrient group that contain what?

Back 2

nitrogen

Front 3

Other function of proteins

Back 3

regulate body functions, provide energy

Front 4

How many calories does each gram of protein provide?

Back 4

4 grams

Front 5

What is protein food sources?

Back 5

animal sources and plant sources

Front 6

Essential amino acids must be provided by

Back 6

a persons diet

Front 7

Protein energy malnutrition

Back 7

lack of protein and energy rich foods

Front 8

Complete Proteins

Back 8

provided by animals
high quality
contains all 10 amino acids

Front 9

Incomplete proteins

Back 9

provided by plant foods
low quality
lacks one or more amino acids

Front 10

Average daily requirements of protein?

Back 10

0.8 g for each kilogram of body weight

Front 11

Protein excess

Back 11

Saturated fats and cholesterol found in complete proteins may contribute to heart disease; colon cancer; increased demand on kidneys

Front 12

Nitrogen balance

Back 12

Nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excreted

Front 13

Positive nitrogen balance

Back 13

Nitrogen intake exceeds amount excreted

Front 14

Negative nitrogen balance

Back 14

exists when more nitrogen is lost than taken in

Front 15

Protein deficiency

Back 15

occurs when a person is unable to obtain enough protein for an extended time; muscle wasting; albumin deficiency causes edema; loss of appetite, strength, and weight; lethargy, depression, and slow wound healing

Front 16

What would a protein deficiency do to an unborn fetus?

Back 16

mental retardation in infant

Front 17

Marasmus

Back 17

severe malnutrition... very very skinny (chronic)

Front 18

Kwashiorkor

Back 18

sudden or recent lack of protein foods... big fat bellies (sudden)

Front 19

Vitamin definition

Back 19

organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes

Front 20

Do vitamins provide energy?

Back 20

NO

Front 21

Vitamin function

Back 21

lets body use the energy provided by fats, carbs, and proteins

Front 22

Excess vitamins

Back 22

can be toxic

Front 23

Fat soluble vitamins

• Vitamin A deficits can cause blindness, dry, rough skin
• Vitamin A excess can cause birth defects, hair loss, dry skin, headaches, liver damage, joint pain

Back 23

A,D,E,K;
not easily lost in cooking;
excess amount stored in liver;
deficiencies are slow to appear

Front 24

Vitamin A

Back 24

maintains healthy eyes and skin;
normal bone growth and reproduction, healthy immune system

Front 25

Vitamin A sources

Back 25

spinach, broccoli, liver, butter, cream, whole milk, cheese, egg yolk, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, squash, mango and cantaloupe

Front 26

Vitamin A deficits

Back 26

can cause blindness, dry, rough skin

Front 27

Vitamin A excess

Back 27

can cause birth defects, hair loss, dry skin, headaches, liver damage, joint pain

Front 28

Vitamin D

Back 28

promotes calcium and phosphorous absorption in the body

Front 29

Vitamin D sources

Back 29

sunlight, milk, fish, eggs, liver oils

Front 30

Vitamin D deficit

Back 30

cause poor bone and tooth formation;
rickets;
osteoporosis

Front 31

Vitamin D excess

Back 31

can cause deposits of calcium and phosphorous in soft tissues, kidney, and heart damage and bone fragility

Front 32

Vitamin E

Back 32

is an antioxidant;
prevents anemia among premature infants;
enhances immune system;
retards spoilage of commercial foods

Front 33

Vitamin E sources

Back 33

vegetable oil, corn, soybean, safflower, cottonseed, green leafy vegetables

Front 34

Vitamin E deficit

Back 34

can cause serious neurological defects

Front 35

Vitamin E excess

Back 35

is relatively nontoxic

Front 36

Vitamin K

Back 36

is destroyed by light and alkalis; formation of prothrombin for clotting of blood

Front 37

Vitamin K sources

Back 37

broccoli, cabbage, spinach

Front 38

Candidates likely to receive vitamin K

Back 38

Newborns;
people who suffer from faulty fat absorption; people after extensive antibiotic therapy;
antidote for an overdose of anticoagulant

Front 39

Vitamin K deficit

Back 39

can cause defective blood coagulation

Front 40

Vitamin K excess

Back 40

can cause anemia

Front 41

Water soluble Vitamins

Back 41

C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin b6, folate, vitamin b12,) pantothenic acid, biotin (vitamin b complex and c)
dissolve in water;
easily destroyed by air,light, and cooking

Front 42

Thiamin (b1)

Back 42

essential for nerve and muscle actions and metabolism of carbs and some amino acids

Front 43

Thiamin (b1) sources

Back 43

cereals, yeast, wheat, legumes

Front 44

Thiamin deficiency

Back 44

can cause loss of appetite, fatigue, nervous irritability, constipation, beriberi

Front 45

Riboflavin (b2)-

Back 45

necessary for metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats; tissue maintenance; healthy eyes

Front 46

Riboflavin (b2) sources•

Back 46

milk, meats, poultry, fish, enriched breads, cereals

Front 47

Riboflavin deficiency

Back 47

can cause cheilosis; glossitisl dermatitis and eye strain in the form of itching, burning and eye fatigue

Front 48

Niacin

Back 48

stable in heat, not destroyed during storage; a coenzyme in energy metabolism

Front 49

Niacin sources

Back 49

meats, poultry, fish, peanuts, and legumes

Front 50

Niacin excess

Back 50

cause flushing, gi problems, itching, liver damage

Front 51

Niacin deficiency

Back 51

can cause weakness, anorexia, indigestion, anxiety, and irritability

Front 52

B6

Back 52

essential for protein metabolism and absorption and aids in the release of glucose from glycogen

Front 53

B12

Back 53

is involved in folate metabolism, maintenance of the myelin sheath, and healthy red blood cells

Front 54

B12 sources

Back 54

animal foods, organ meats, lean meats, seafood, eggs and dairy products

Front 55

Folate

Back 55

needed for DNA synthesis; protein metabolism; and formation of hemoglobin

Front 56

Folate source

Back 56

green leafy vegetable, legumes, sunflower seeds, fruits

Front 57

Average adult folate requirements

Back 57

400 hg/day; 1 month prior to conception- first six weeks of pregnany= 600 mg/day

Front 58

Pantothenic Acid

Back 58

is involved in metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins; essential for synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and steroid hormones

Front 59

Pantothenic Acid sources

Back 59

meats, fish, eggs, whole grain, cereal, legumes

Front 60

Biotin

Back 60

synthesizes fatty acids and amino acids

Front 61

Biotin sources

Back 61

egg yolk, liver, soyflour, cereal, yeast

Front 62

Ascorbic Acid

Back 62

has antioxidant properties; prevents scurvy; involved in functioning if norepinephrine, amino acids, folate, leukocytes, immune system and allergic reactions

Front 63

Ascorbic Acid sources

Back 63

citrus fruits, melon, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, cabbage, and broccoli

Front 64

People who are prone to vitamin deficiencies

Back 64

alcoholics, elderly, diseased, mentally retarded, children

Front 65

Minerals

Back 65

Inorganic elements necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in various body functions

Front 66

Enriched foods

Back 66

foods to which nutrients, usually B vitamins and iron, have been added to improve their nutritional value.

Front 67

Major minerals

Back 67

Required in amounts greater than 100 mg a day

Front 68

Trace minerals

Back 68

Needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day

Front 69

Ions

Back 69

Electrically charged atoms resulting from mineral salts dissolved in water

Front 70

Cations

Back 70

positiviely charged

Front 71

Anions

Back 71

negatively charged

Front 72

Electrolytes

Back 72

Maintain the body’s fluid balance;
Contribute to electrical balance;
Assist in transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles;
Help regulate the body’s acid-base balance

Front 73

Major Minerals

Back 73

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride

Front 74

Calcium

Back 74

Human body contains more calcium than any other mineral;
In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth;
Bones provide storage for calcium.
Needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism

Front 75

Calcium sources

Back 75

Milk and milk products
Dark green, leafy vegetables

Front 76

Calcium Deficiency

Back 76

Rickets; bowed legs, “pigeon breast,” enlarged wrists or ankles, and stunted growth.
Osteoporosis causes brittle bones.
Tetany, characterized by involuntary muscle movement, results from insufficient calcium in the blood.

Front 77

Calcium Excess

Back 77

Cause constipation
Cause kidney stones
Inhibit the absorption of iron and zinc

Front 78

Phosphorous

Back 78

Constituent of all body cells;
Necessary for the formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper acid-base balance; and effective action of several B vitamins

Front 79

Phosphorous sources

Back 79

Protein-rich foods such as milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish
Cereals, legumes, nuts, and soft drinks

Front 80

Potassium

Back 80

Found primarily in intracellular fluid
Essential for fluid balance and osmosis
Maintains fluid level within the cell
Necessary for transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions

Front 81

Potassium sources

Back 81

fruits and vegetables

Front 82

potassium deficiency

Back 82

hypokalemia

Front 83

potassium excess

Back 83

hyperkalemia

Front 84

Sodium

Back 84

Primary function is the control of fluid balance in the body
Maintains acid-base balance
Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function

Front 85

Sodium sources

Back 85

Table salt contains 40% sodium.
One teaspoon of table salt contains 2,000 mg of sodium.

Front 86

Chloride

Back 86

Essential for maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Found in hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and muscle and nerve tissue
Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and is necessary during immune responses when white blood cells attack foreign cells

Front 87

Chloride sources

Back 87

found almost exclusively in table salt or foods containing sodium chloride

Front 88

Magnesium

Back 88

Vital to both hard and soft body tissues
Essential for metabolism
Regulates nerve and muscle function
Plays a role in the blood-clotting process

Front 89

Magnesium Sources

Back 89

Found primarily in plant foods
Sources are green, leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, some fruits (avocados and bananas) and milk in sufficient quantities

Front 90

Sulfur

Back 90

Necessary to all body tissue and for metabolism
Contributes to the characteristic odor of burning hair and tissue
Component of some amino acids
Found in protein-rich foods
Neither the amount of sulfur required by the human body nor its deficiency is known.

Front 91

Trace minerals

Back 91

Iron
Iodine
Zinc
Selenium
Copper
Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Molybdenum

Front 92

Iron

Back 92

Delivers oxygen to body tissues
Component of hemoglobin
Component of myoglobin, a protein compound in muscles that provides oxygen to cells
Used by enzymes that are involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters

Front 93

Iron sources

Back 93

Meat, poultry, and fish are the best sources of iron. Animal flesh contains heme iron, which is absorbed more than twice as efficiently as nonheme iron.
Nonheme iron is found in whole-grain cereals, enriched grain products, vegetables, fruit, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry.

Front 94

iron deficiency

Back 94

iron deficient anemia

Front 95

iron excess

Back 95

Hemochromatosis is a condition resulting from an inborn error of metabolism that causes excessive absorption of iron.
Untreated, can damage liver, spleen, and heart

Front 96

iodine

Back 96

Necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, which determines rate of metabolism

Front 97

iodine sources

Back 97

iodized salt, seafood, and some plant foods grown in soil bordering the sea

Front 98

Zinc

Back 98

Essential for growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, and mobilization of vitamin A within the body

Front 99

Zinc sources

Back 99

meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, wheat germ, and legumes

Front 100

selenium

Back 100

Acts as an antioxidant, thereby protecting cells against oxidation and sparing vitamin E

Front 101

copper

Back 101

Helps in formation of hemoglobin; aids in transport of iron to bone marrow for the formation of red blood cells; and participates in energy production

Front 102

manganese

Back 102

Important in bone formation
Sources include whole grains, tea, vegetables, and fruits

Front 103

Fluoride

Back 103

Increases resistance to dental caries, and may strengthen teeth and bones
Sources include fluoridated water, fish and tea, as well as commercially prepared foods with fluoridated water.

Front 104

Main points!

Back 104

Megadoses of minerals are dangerous.
Minerals are necessary to promote growth and regulate body processes.
Minerals originate in soil and water and are ingested via food and drink.
Deficiencies can result in anemia, rickets, and goiter.
Excess can be toxic, resulting in hair loss and changes in nearly all body tissues.

Front 105

can live how long without water?

Back 105

Humans can live only 10–14 days without water.