Proteins And Amino Acids

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Proteins

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structural components of cells, tissues, hormones, and enzymes

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Essential Amino Acids

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You must get them in your diet and your body does not naturally make them. There are 9 essential amino acids.

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Non-Essential Amino Acids

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Amino Acids that your body can make on it's own. There are 11 non-essential amino acids.

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Structure of Amino Acids

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Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. There is also a Acid Group (COOH) and an Amine Group (NH2) & a side chain of one or more hydrogen atoms.

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Proteins have between 100 and

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10,000 amino acids in sequence.

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The shape of the protein determines the

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function.

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Denaturing Proteins

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"unfolding" proteins by heat, acids, bases, or salts. It changes the shape of the protein.
Example: frying an egg, marinating a steak.

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Chewing

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mechanically altering

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Stomach Acid

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denatures protein, untangling bonds between amino acids.

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Pepsin

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Comes from the stomach lining; splits protein into shorter peptide strands.

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Enzymes in Small Intestine

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Break peptide strands into tri-peptides, di-peptides, and amino acids. Amino acids then enter the blood and travel to the liver.

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The liver can

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make new proteins, convert amino acids to glucose if diet lacks carbohydrates. It can also convert and store as fat.

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"Protein Turn-Over"

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Body breaks down and reformulates new proteins.

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Nitrogen from protein is toxic so the liver converts

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it to urea and excretes via the kidney.

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DNA

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The blueprint for cells, directs protein synthesis.

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DNA directs RNA to

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carry out building the proteins.

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Abnormalities of protein synthesis

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Sickle Cell Anemia; Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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Protein provided structural and mechanical support to

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the muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones.

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Proteins have enzymes and hormones that signal

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the activities of organs and organ systems

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Proteins maintain

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fluid balance within and outside of the cell.

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Acid Base Balance

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When proteins maintain acidity of blood and body fluids.

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Protein are carriers for transport of

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oxygen, lipids, waste products, vitamins, and electrolytes.

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Protein anti-bodies are

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part of immune function.

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Two determining factors of Protein Quality

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Digestibility and amino acid profile.
Animals are more digestible than plant and complete proteins have all 9 essential amino acids and some non-essential.

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Incomplete Proteins

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Missing some essential amino acids.

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Positive Nitrogen Balance

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Retaining more Nitrogen than is excreted.

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Negative Nitrogen Balance

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Losing more Nitrogen than is taken in.

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Negative Nitrogen Balance occurs with...

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Infections, trauma, burns, and serious illness.

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On average we need ____ grams of proteins per kg of weight.

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0.8-1.0

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Risk of High Protein Diets

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Increased risk of heart disease, kidney stones, osteoporosis, some types of cancers, diet may become unbalanced in other nutrients.

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Risks of Too Little Protein Consumption

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Loss of bone mass, protein energy malnutrition, compromised immune function, Kwashiorkor, Marasmus.

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Kwashiorkor

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A lack of protein which causes fluids to shift; may get a limited amount of calories. Swollen belly, thin arms and legs.

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Marasmus

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A severe deficiency of both calories and protein. Severely emaciated and death is likely without medical care.