Protein Synthesis And Mutations

Front 1

What is Transcription?

Back 1

converting DNA’s code into complementary RNA (mRNA). Occurs in the nucleus.

Front 2

What is Translation?

Back 2

actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA (decoding mRNA into a specific protein) occurs in the ribosomes.

Front 3

What are caps?

Back 3

A cap is a series of non-coding nucleotides to keep the molecules from unraveling in mRNA. There is the 5 prime cap and the Poly (A) tail.

Front 4

What are the 3 regions of DNA sequences that code for a trait?

Back 4

Promoter: tells the working enzymes where to start decoding

Coding Section: becomes the protein

Termination Area: tells the working enzymes when to stop working.

Front 5

Describe the shape of function of the 3 RNA's and the different sites and what happens at them.

Back 5

mRNA is a linear line and carries the codons
orRNA is a jumbled tangled glob, and is made up of ribosomes
tRNA looks like a lower case “t” and has three different sites that carry anticodons
On the rRNA:
A-site: first place mRNA and tRNA bind and where the amino acid is activated
P-site: holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
E-site: discharges tRNA to be used again

Front 6

Explain the job of RNA polymerase

Back 6

oAfter helicase unzips the DNA strand, using RNA polymerase, we will read the DNA bases and change then into the corresponding RNA.
oIt will work in the 5-3 direction.
oThe sense strand is the 3 prime side of the RNA.

Front 7

Describe Translation

Back 7

mRNA from the nucleus is decoded using a molecule called tRNA.
The specific bond between a codon on mRNA and the complementary anticodon on the tRNA activates a specific amino acid.
mRNA is broken down in this process while tRNA is used repeatedly.
One tRNA can decode 3 different codons
rRNA is the site of translation and is found in the cytoplasm

Front 8

Describe the 3 processes of Transcription

Back 8

oInitiation: promoter intervenes in the binding of RNA polymerase to an initiation sequence. (TATA box)

oElongation: RNA polymerase continues unwinding DNA and adding nucleotides on the 3 prime end.

oTermination: RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence and stops.

Front 9

What are the 3 translation phases?

Back 9

oInitiation: start of process.
oElongation: growing peptide bond formation
oTermination: stop codon reaches A site

Front 10

What is mRNA modification?

Back 10

oRNA processing is the process of which some regions of the newly made RNA do not code for anything. They are called introns, we cut them out. The expressed sequences are what are kept and they are called exons.

Front 11

Name the 2 levels of mutations and what causes them.

Back 11

2 levels of Mutations:
oChromosomal
oGene
What causes mutations?
ooccur during crossing over
oAn inherited pattern
oExposure to an environmental agent (mutagen)

Front 12

Name the 5 different types of chromosomal mutations

Back 12

oDeletion
oDuplication
oInversion (reverse in order)
oTranslocation (moving to a different position)
oNon-disjunction (failure to separate properly)

Front 13

What is Genetic Engineering and what does it have to do with recombinant DNA?

Back 13

Genetic Engineering: direct manipulations of genes for practical purposes
oThe process of Genetic Engineering will result to recombinant DNA, which is DNA that has combined genes from two different sources.

Front 14

What is point mutation or SNP and what causes it?

Back 14

oPoint Mutation or SNP: changes in A, T, C, G, or U.
oSNP=single nucleotide polymorphism-a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA
oThe cause of this would be that the enzymes polymerase or ligase are not functioning properly.

Front 15

Describe and list the steps of DNA fingerprinting and the uses of it.

Back 15

1. DNA Fingerprinting: using the order or sequence of nitrogenous base pairs to identify a person or gene. All organisms have unique base pair sequences. These unique sequences are like fingerprint and are based on mutation on the introns, called tandem repeaters.
Steps:
oCut the DNA at the tandem repeater sequence with restriction enzymes.
oPlace all samples into a gel bed at the negative side, because DNA has an overall negative charge. (-OH)
oApply electricity and wait for each sample to move.
oApply a dye to the gel and photograph it.
oLook for exact matches in the DNA fingerprints
*USES: CSI, paternity, identify bodies

Front 16

What are the 3 types of SNP mutations?

Back 16

oSilent Mutation: although base pair changed, same amino acid is activated and there is no change in the protein

oMissense Mutation: a change in base pair that caused a different amino acid to be formed. Changes in the protein can cause a good outcome.

oNonsense Mutation: a change in the base pairs causes no amino acids to be formed or a stop codon to occur too soon. The entire protein will be affected or unmade.

Front 17

Describe and list the steps of PCR and the uses of it

Back 17

2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): amplification (increase, extension, enlargement) of any piece of DNA
Steps:
oUse heat to break apart DNA that you have
oAdd DNA polymerase, it must come from a heat tolerant bacteria
oDNA polymerase will copy in both missing strands to double the amount of DNA you had
*USES: DNA fingerprinting, prenatal diagnosis, Jurassic Park

Front 18

Why does SNP occur?

Back 18

oSNP occurs because:
oOf incorrect base pairs added (substitution)
oInsertion of an extra base pair
oDeletion of a base pair

Front 19

Describe and list the steps of Cloning Organisms/Genes and the uses of it

Back 19

3. Cloning Organisms/Genes:
Steps:
oObtain nucleus from organism you intend to clone
oObtain egg from female
oRemove the nucleus from that egg and place in the nucleus from the organism that you want to clone
oApply electric shock and it will stimulate fertilization, and it will start to divide
oPlace dividing egg back into surrogate female for gestation period
*USES: endangered animals, prized live stock
* We can also clone only a single gene. Once a gene is identified, we use bacteria to copy, transcribe, and translate human genes, thus producing the human protein.
EX: HUMAN INSULIN, BLOOD CLOTS, PLANT RESISTANCE

Front 20

Of the reasons SNP occurs, which would be worst?

Back 20

*Additions and deletions are the worst because they cause a frameshift mutation. The adding or removing of one or more nitrogen bases cause the number to not be a multiple of three and results in the codon reading to be off.

Front 21

What are the steps of Gene Therapy?

Back 21

oIsolate healthy copy of the gene
oRemove the inactive viral DNA and replace it with the healthy isolated gene
oAllows the virus to spread the healthy gene to the cell
oAs the cell with the healthy gene multiplies, so do copies of the healthy gene

Front 22

What are stem cells?

Back 22

Taking undifferentiated cells (when there are 8 of them, they are called a blastocyte) we can subject them to chemicals that turn them into whatever cell we need.

Front 23

Describe viruses(3)

Back 23

oAll contain a protein coated region called the capsid, which contains the DNA or RNA.
oAll viruses require a host cell to replicate their DNA for them. They are experts at invading, injecting, and allowing the host cell to duplicate the viral DNA
oIf we can remove the viral DNA and replace it with healthy human DNA, we can let them deliver these genes to the faulty cell.