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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's a single ring base called?
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pyrimidine
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What are important nucleotides?
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ATP, NADP+, FAD+
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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Which carbon does the phosphate attach to on the other nucleotide?
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3' C
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What is the name of the bonds between the nucleotides?
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phosphodiester bonds
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What sugar does ATP use?
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ribose
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What type of bond joins phenylalanine and leucine?
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peptide bond
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What's the formula for ribose?
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C5H10O5
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How many nucleotides are in the human genome?
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6 billion
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What is the molecular definition of a gene and who was it written by?
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A gene codes for one polypeptide chain, by Beadle and Tatum
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What is the genetic definition of a gene and who was it written by?
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A gene is a unit of heritable information, by Mendel
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What is the shape of DNA and who discovered this and through what technique?
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double helix, Watson & Crick & Wilkens & Franklin, x-ray crystalography
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What is are 2 nucleotides H bonded to eachother called?
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a base pair
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What is the average mass of a base pair?
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660 Daltons
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How many base pairs is the average gene?
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1,200 base pairs
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How many rings wide is each base pair?
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3 rings
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How wide is each base pair in nm?
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2 nm
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What is the distance from one rung to another on the DNA ladder?
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0.34 nm
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What is it called when 2 bases fit together like puzzle pieces?
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complementary
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What does RNA look like?
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half of DNA/like a comb
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What does RNA act as?
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a messenger from DNA to the ribosomes
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How many genes are in the human genome?
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25,000-30,000
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If all the DNA in one somatic cell were lined up end to end how long would it be?
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6 feet
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How many base pairs are in one pitch of DNA?
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10 base pairs
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What is one DNA molecule+histones called?
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a chromosome
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What percent of DNA is coding DNA?
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5%
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How did your junk DNA come to be?
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Genes that didn't work well were turned off
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What does dogma mean?
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basic core truth
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What did Darwin's dogma of molecular biology say?
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DNA-transcription->RNA-translation->proteins
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What were Lamarck's theories?
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Theory of Acquired Characteristics (change protein change genetics) and Theory of Use and Disuse (If you don't use it you lose it, if you use it a lot it gets good)
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What is Darwin's career pathway history?
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Doctor, Minister, Natural theologist
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What is natural theology?
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Mid-1800s popular religious movement sayings to look towards the world to understand God
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What does transcription mean?
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to write down
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What was the name of the reverend who suggested that Darwin become a natural theologist?
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Reverend Henslow
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What was the name of Darwin's ship?
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HMS Beagle
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Where did the Darwin's ship take him to and what did he find there?
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the Galapagos islands off the coast of Ecuador, saw different species of tortoises and finches
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How could the different variants of species all survive together?
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They all had different niches
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What is the theory that says that for different members of species, those that are best adapted live the longest and reproduce?
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Natural selection
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What is the term that says that species can better adapt if there is variation in the population?
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genetic variate
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What are mutations?
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Random events in a coding region that are usually harmed
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What are examples of populations that have benefited from genetic variates?
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Florida panthers/Nae-Naes
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What is a neutral mutation?
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When there are no positive or negative effects to a mutation, but can change if the environment changes
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How many species of finches were there on the island?
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13 species
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How does Lamarck think that giraffes got long necks?
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their proteins changes which changed their DNA
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Why are species of fish in caves blind?
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Blind fish lasted longer because they could use the part of their brain and ATP usually used during vision for other purposes
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What are the 2 purposes of DNA?
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1) Hereditary information
2) Daily protein recipe card box |
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Where do ribosomes make protein?
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In the cytoplasm on rough ER
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What is it called when the left+ right strands of DNA are fliped?
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anti-parallelism
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How do antibiotics work?
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The chop the hydroxyl on the 3' C on DNA of bacteria so it can't replicate
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What is a virus made up of?
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nuleic acid and protein coat (capsid)
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What is a retrovirus?
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a genome made of RNA but is not an RNA virus that affects RNA going back into DNA
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What is the enzyme that retroviruses use?
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reverse transcriptase
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How do retroviruses work?
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They use an enzyme to make a DNA copy of their genome, open eukaryotic chromosomes, and the dna copy of themselves in it
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What is an example of a retrovirus that mutates faster than any other virus?
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HIV
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What are the 4 types of RNA?
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mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) snRNA (small nuclear) |
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What is the name of the enzyme that travels up and down DNA looking for a promoter sequence?
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RNA polymerase
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How long is a promoter sequence, what is the most common one called, where is it located, and what is it made up of?
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8-12 base pairs, tata box, 5' end of gene strand, rich in T's and A's
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Why are T's and A's used in the promoter sequence?
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Because only 2 H bonds connect them, so it costs less energy to break them
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What is a codon?
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3 bases that code for one particular AA
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What are 3 names for the gene strand of DNA?
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coding strand, inactive strand, sense strand
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What are 3 words for the strand of DNA that is read?
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active strand, template stand, non-sense strand
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What end of RNA hangs down?
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5'
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What is the bubble called that RNA polymerase makes?
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open promoter complex
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In what direction does RNA polymerase read the DNA?
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3' --> 5'
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What does complex mean?
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more than 1 part
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How is mRNA built?
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complimentary, anti-parallel, 5'-->3'
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Where does RNA polymerase get its energy?
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Each incoming nucleotide has a triphosphate, 2 are removed and donated for energy for polymerization (pyrophosphate)
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Why can't mRNA be translated by ribosomes as soon as its done being built in eukaryotes?
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Because it is made in the nucleus
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Why can bacteria replicate so fast?
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Because it has polyribosomes that can translate it (many ribosomes reading mRNA)
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What are the protein blobs that sit on the promoter sequence called?
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transcription factors
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How is a gene expressed?
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It makes a protein
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What is the recipe for a ribosome?
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2/3 rRNA 1/3 protein
and 50s+30s=70s |
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What are the 2 parts to a ribosome called
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50S and 30S
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Approx how many nucleotides of rRNA are in a ribosome?
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5,000 nucleotides
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What is sedimentation rate?
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How fast something sediments out, mass and shape dependent
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What is the name of the whole ribosome?
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70S
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What is the purpose of tRNA?
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a truck to carry AA to ribosome
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How many nucleotides long is tRNA?
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75-85 nucleotides long
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What is the primary structure of tRNA?
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the order of nucleotides
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What is the secondary structure of tRNA?
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cloverleaf
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What is the tertiary structure of tRNA?
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L-shaped
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What is the name for the bottom loop on tRNA?
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anticodon loop
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What is the name for the 3 bottom nucleotides?
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anticodon
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What parts on tRNA stay the same and what parts vary?
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the stems stay the same, the loops change
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How would you name a tRNA that carries glutamine?
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glutaminyl-tRNA
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How is the secondary structure formed?
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H bonds
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Where does the AA attach on tRNA?
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3' end
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What are the two quaternary structures of proteins?
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globular and fibrous
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What is the generic name for a tRNA with its respective amino acid?
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Aminoacyl-tRNA
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How would you name the enzyme that loads the proper AA in the tRNA truck?
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glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase
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What powers aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to attach the AA to the tRNA?
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ATP
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Whats the name for the hereditary disease where youre urine is black?
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alkoptonuria
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What is neurosporra crassa?
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bread mold
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What are the 3 stop codons?
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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What is the start codon?
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AUG, formyl-methionine
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What is the name of the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA that is complementary to the rRNA in the 30S subunit?
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Shine Dalgarno sequence
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What does formyl mean?
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extra aldehyde group
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What are the 3 steps of translation?
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initiation, elongation, termination
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What is the initiation complex composed of?
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30 S
50 S mRNA tRNA w/ f-met joined to 3' |
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Whats the name of the enzyme that breaks the bond between the AA and tRNA and makes a peptide bond?
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peptidyl transferase
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What powers peptidyl transferase?
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GTP (glutamine triphosphate)
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What are the 2 places in the 50 s unit called?
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P and A
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What is a release factor?
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A protein blob that frees the polypeptide chain because there is no tRNA for the stop codons
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What are enhancer sequences?
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In eukaryotes, they promote strong transcription. They bend the DNA so the RNA polymerase stays in place.
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What are the 3 types of RNA polymerase?
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I and II make rRNA and tRNA
III makes regular mRNA |
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What bases does DNA use?
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thymine, guanine, cytosine, and adenine
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What bases does RNA use?
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uracil, guanine, cytosine, and adenine
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What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?
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Ribose has an OH on the 2' C, deoxyribose has an H
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What is the micromolecule for nucleic acids?
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nucleotides
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What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide?
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a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base
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What is the name for a base with a 2 ring structure?
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a purine
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What C does the phosphate join to in a nucleotide?
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5' C
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What C does the base join to in a nucleotide?
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1' C
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What are the pyrimidine bases?
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cytosine, thymine, and uracil
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What are the purine bases?
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adenine and guanine
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How many H bonds connect T and A?
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2 H bonds
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How many H bonds connect G and C?
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3 H bonds
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What reaction links nucleotides?
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dehydration synthesis
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What are ADP and AMP?
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adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate
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How does mitochondria work?
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It is a battery recharger that puts the P back on ATP
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What is a coenzyme used in photosynthesis?
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NADP+
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What is a coenzyme used in cellular respiration?
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FAD+
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Who made these amazing flashcards?
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Nicole Black
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What gets added to the 3' end of mRNA before it can leave the nucleus?
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a poly-A tail (150-200 bases depending on how many times it will be read)
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What are the purposes of a poly-A tail?
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1)prevents mRNA from being 'eaten' by nucleases
2)lets mRNA out of the nucleus |
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What is added to the 5' end of mRNA?
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a methylated guanine cap
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What is the purpose of a methylated guanine cap?
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1) lets mRNA bond to small ribosome subunit by working like a shine-dargarno)
2)keeps 5' end from being eaten by nucleases |
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What is an intron?
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garbage parts within a gene
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How is the garbarge cut out of mRNA?
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mRNA (primary transcript) must have it cut out so snRNPs made out of snRNA and protein do the snipping
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What is the name of the small subunit in a eukaryotic cell?
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40S
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How is the first amino acid in a eukaryote different from that in a prokaryote?
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It is f-met in bacteria and regular met in eukaryotes
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What are the first 20 AA called in a polypeptide chain?
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the signal peptides
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What happens to signal peptides in the ER?
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they are cut off
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In what is a polypeptide chain transferred from the ER to the Golgi in?
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a transport vesicle
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What is the name of the vesicle through which proteins meant to go out of the cell travel in?
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secretory vesicle
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If a protein is to be used inside of the cell, what type of packaging is it in?
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a vacuole
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What goes inside of a lysosome?
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hydrolyzing enzyme proteins used to digest food or old organelles
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What role do lysosomes have in cellular suicide?
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apoptosis occurs when lysosomes explode so that messed up DNA cannot spread
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What is the name for anything that performs phosphoralization?
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a kinase
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What is the name for any enzyme that uses a condensation reaction to hook micromolecules together?
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a polymerase
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The fact that the codon code is a universal code supports what theory?
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evolution
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How do DNA and RNA viruses work?
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they make copies of themselves and the cell explodes
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How many species exist on earth?
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30 million
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What is an example of a plant on Hawaii that supports mutation and evolution?
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the silver sword and the silver sprawl
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What are differences in races due to?
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mutations
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What is the positive side of sickle cell anemia?
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It can help protect against malaria
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How did the Nay Nays become close to extinction?
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mongeese ate their eggs
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What is an animal with 2 stomachs called?
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a ruminant
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How did the 2 stomach gene in cows come to be?
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the gene for a stomach was copied twice
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How identical is the DNA of chimps and humans?
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99%
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