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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of protein |
Binding(specific recognition of other molecules): Transport and storage Receptors and defense Catalysis(chemical reactions within the cell) Switching(molecular switches to control cellular processes): Hormones, transcription factors Structure and motion: Major structural elements of living systems Muscle fibers |
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Protein synthesis |
The DNA of each cell holds the complete set of instruction for cellular protein synthesis ONE GENE CODES FOR ONE UNIQUE PROTEIN |
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DNA |
Double-stranded chain of nucleic acid, twisted forming a double helix
Two strands are antiparallel(3`to 5` and 5`to 3`)
Nucleotides (made from sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base) are building block of nucleic acids
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Why proteins are important |
Responsible for regulation of cell activity Formation of structural components |
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Transcription |
DNA passes on instructions to cytoplasm by synthesising mRNA with copy of code for protein required. The DNA coding strand base sequence must be replicated. To form mRNA, complementary bases are attracted so DNA template strand is used. Takes place in nucleus |
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Translation |
mRNA -> Protein tRNA delivers a particular amino acid to the protein chain by ribosomes coordinating the combination of mRNA codons and tRNA anti-codons. Takes place in ribosome |
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RNA splicing |
The pre-mRNA includes both introns and extons so the introns are removed and extons join to form a coding sequence. Now the mature mRNA. |
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Gene expression |
Levels of protein are carefully controlled by: Genes switched on-expressed Genes switched off-repressed Genes that code for proteins used in all cells are called Housekeeping genes -allows cells and tissues to have different functions |
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Genetic disorders |
When accidental damage occur to DNA or error occur in transcription/translation, they are normally corrected by DNA repair mechanisms.
Pathological conditions can occur: Retinal degeneration Strabismus Tumours Congenital glaucoma
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Causes and example of genetic disorders |
Causes: Hereditary Environmental Combo of both Example: Retinitis pigmentosa -when mutated form of normal gene prevents production of protein essential for function of photoreceptors -inherited disorder *leads to reduced vision |
