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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How to convert NH3 to Organic Nitrogen?
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2 Rxns: Glutamate dehydrogenase & Glutamine synthetase
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what is the role of Amino Acids in Metabolism?
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1.Protein synthesis (400g/day)
2.Fuel source 3.Precursors for other molecules, including neurotransmitters, porphyrins, and nucleotides. |
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Sources of Amino Acids
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Protein turnover,
Diet & Synthesis: Biosynthesis from other metabolites renders protein synthesis less dependent on amino acid content of diet |
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What are the essential amino acids?
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[(Arg)]
(His) (Ile) (Leu) (Thr) (Lys) (Met) (Phe) (Trp) (Val) |
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If Tyr isn't sufficient in the diet which AA can you use to make Tyr?
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Phe
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Which AA is required in large amounts to make cys, if cys is not supplied by the diet. (also needed by a growing child)
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Methionine
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How are non-essential AA's synthesized?
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Synthesized from intermediates of glycolysis, citric acid cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway
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How to synthesize Arginine?
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Arginine made from glutamine via arginine synthetase
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How to synthesize Alanine & Aspartate?
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Alanine and aspartate made from keto acids via transaminase activity
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What are the major excreted Nitrogen Compounds?
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Urea + ammonia + creatinine + urate
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How much protein does Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences recommend?
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1g protein/ 1kg body weight
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What is the Nitrogen balance in a pregnant women?
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Positive
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What is the Nitrogen balance in growing infants/children?
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Positive
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Recovering burn patients show what type of nitrogen balance?
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Positive
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Which type of person is at nitrogen equilibrium?
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normal healthy adult, In = Out
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Nitrogen balance of a diseased/ill patient?
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Negative
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In a state of starvation/malnutrition the nitrogen balance would be?
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Negative
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What is Marasmus?
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protein and caloric malnutrition
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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protein malnutrition
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Edema is a characteristic of which PEM state?
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Kwashiorkor
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When should you restrict AA intake?
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when there is a problem in urea formation(liver disease) or urea excretion(kidney disease)
also Defects in the degradation of any one amino acid resulting in disease |
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list some sources of high quality proteins
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Meat
Fish Yogurt Some vegetables such as beans, esp. soy beans |
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How much protein do we degrade daily?
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300-400g
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why does the human body constantly and randomly degrade proteins?
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Removes proteins before they can accumulate damage; cheaper to randomly turn over all proteins than to maintain cellular function by removing damaged ones
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When does the body breakdown AA's for gluconeogenesis?
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prolonged fasting
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How many grams of protein do we degrade during gluconeogenesis? Infection?
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4 g/day
15 g/day |
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What is the action of (TNFa & IL-1) in regards to proteins?
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During major infection, these cytokines are released. They activate the immune system, redirect metabolism to the liver and produce a major breakdown of muscle protein for new protein synthesis and energy.
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Which enzymes degrade proteins? where are they found?
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Lysosomes
Cytoplasm Proteasomes Cytoplasm and nucleus |
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which enzyme is used to degrade proteins with long half lives?
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Lysosome
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Which enzyme uses a highly regulated and ATP dependent process to degrade protein?
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Proterosome
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A problem in urea formation during acute liver disease results in ________.
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Hyperammonemia
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A problem in urea excretion during kidney disease results in ________.
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Uremia
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