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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic Compounds can be which 2 types?
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Monomer: simplest unit
Polymer: mult monomers chemically bound together |
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How do monomers/polymers interswitch?
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Monomer becomes a polymer via dehydration synthesis (loses water, uses energy)
Polymer degrades to monomer via hydrolysis (uses water and energy to break bond) |
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What is an Amino Acid?
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building blocks to peptides & proteins
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What does an AA consist of?
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Carboxyl group (C & O, OH)
Amine group (N & H) R-group (the rest) |
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What is the difference between a non-essential AA and an essential AA?
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Non-essential AA can be built by the body
Essential AA's need to be dietary consumed |
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Name the 10 Essential AAs
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(PVT TIM HALL)
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Trytophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine |
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Define a Zwitterion:
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A molecule that has both a negative charged component and a positive charged component = neutral.
AA |
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How is the charge of an AA/zwitterion determined?
Balanced/neutral state is called: |
Overall charge is determined by Ph:
Acidic = catonic (gains water) Alkaline (high) = anionic (loses water) When balanced & neutral state = Isoelectric Point |
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Where are most AA's stored?
What is the term for AA's breaking down? |
Liver
AA's undergo catabolism |
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During Catabolism of AAs, what 2 processes take place?
Define and name the 2 Ketogenic AAs: Define a glycogenic AA: |
Transamination & Oxidative Deamination
Ketogenic AAs: converted to Acetyl CoA: Leucine & Lysine Glycogenic AAs: converted to glucose |
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Name the 8 aminoacidopathies:
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1. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
2. Tyrosinemia 3. Alkaptonuria 4. Maple Syrup urine disease (MSUD) 5. Isovaleric Acidemia 6. Homocystinuria 7. Citrullinemia 8. Cystinuria |
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Which aminoacidopathy is checked at birth?
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PKU
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Which aminoacidopathy results in brown urine when exposed to air? Which enzyme is missing with this disease?
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Alkaptonuria
missing homogentisate oxidase |
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Which enzyme is MSUD missing?
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alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase
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Which Aminoacidopathy results in urea cycle problems?
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Citrullinemia
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Which aminoacidopathy results in kidney stones?
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Cystinuria
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What enzyme is missing in Homocystinuria?
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cystathionine beta synthetase
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What is the definition of a Peptide Bond:
Name the 4 size descriptions of a peptide bond: |
bond of atleast 2 AAs via dehydration synthesis
dipeptide: 2 AA tripeptide: 3 AA polypeptide: >10 AA protein: >50 AA |
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A peptide bond contains what elements:
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O,C,N
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Name the 4 structures of a Simple Protein:
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Primary: AA sequence
Secondary: Alpha Helix & Beta Pleats; bends/coils Tertiary: globular ball formed Quaternary: complex protein formed |
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What 4 components hold a protein together?
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hydrogen bonds
ionic interaction sulfhydryl & hydrophobic interaction |
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What are 5 causes of denaturation of a protein?
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heat
ph force UV chemicals |
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What are the 2 classifications of Proteins?
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Simple
Conjugated |
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What are the two forms of simple proteins? Describe
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Globular: water soluble, reactive, used in lab
Fibrous: skeletal muscle |
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Define a conjugated Protein:
Name 4 types of conjugated proteins |
Protein bound with non proteins
Metalloproteins Lipoproteins Glycoproteins (sugar) Mucoproteins (mucous |
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Name the 8 functions of a Protein:
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Enzymes
Hormones: Insulin Transport Proteins: hemoglobin Immunoglobulins Structural: collagen Storage: ferritin Energy Osmotic Force: albumin |
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Define a Positive & Negative Acute Phase Reactant:
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Positive: levels increase during inflammation reaction
Negative: levels decrease during inflammation reaction |
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Name the 2 main plasma proteins:
Name 4 other plasma proteins that relate to muscle distress: |
Albumin 60%
Globulin 40% Myoglobin Troponin Naturetic Peptide Fibronectin |
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What are the 4 functions of Albumin?
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osmotic pressure,
buffers Ph, Negative APR, binds substances in blood |
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When is Albumin decreased (5)?
1 reason for increase? |
Liver Disease
malnutrition GI loss renal disease dilution via IV fluids Increased in dehydration |
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What is the function of pre-albumin? What does it contain? What type of APR is it?
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transport protein for thyroid hormones and retinol.
contains tryptophan Negative APR |
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Name the 4 gamma globulins:
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Alpha 1
Alpha 2 Beta Gamma |
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What 3 proteins are Negative Acute Phase Reactants:
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Pre Albumin
Albumin Transferrin (Beta Globulin) |
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Name the 2 alpha 1 globulin proteins:
decreased /increased in? |
a1-antitrypsin: decreased in neonatal emphysema
a1-fetoprotein: increased in spina bifida |
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Name the 3 alpha 2 globulin proteins:
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1. haptoglobin (binds hemoglobin), decreased in HA
2. ceruloplasmin: copper, decreased in malnutrition 3. a2-macroglobulin: |
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Name the 6 beta globulin proteins:
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1. transferrin (N APR) increased in IDA, decreased in live/kidney d/o
2. hemopexin (binds free heme) 3. lipoprotein: increased in heart disease & atherosclerosis (fat veins) 4. fibrinogen: decreased with clotting disorders 5. complement 6. CRP: increased in cardiac |
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Name the 5 Gamma Globulin Proteins:
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IgG
IgA (secretion) IgM IgD IgE (allergy) |
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Hypoproteinemia range:
Affected by: 4 causes: |
<6.0 g/dL
Negative nitrogen balance excessive loss decreased intake decreased synthesis accelerated catabolism (trauma) |
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Hyperproteinemia range:
2 causes: |
>8.0 g/dL
dehydration excessive production (mult myeloma, waldenstroms) |
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What is the cause of TP, Albumin and Globulin all being increased?
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Dehydration
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Causes for increased Globulin (and TP) =
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Gammopathies: Mult myeloma, waldenstroms
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Cause for decreased Globulins (and TP) =
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immunodeficiencies
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2 Causes for decreased Albumin (and TP) =
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MALABSORPTION, KIDNEY DISORDER
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3 Causes for increased Globulins & decreased Albumin?
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liver damage, trauma, burns
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