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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why does swelling occur in relation to protein? |
With insufficient protein, water doesn't stay in veins Will pool in the tissue Seen with distended abdomens in perineal cavity We don't have sufficient protein in body to build albumin in the blood |
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How many amino acids are coded in our DNA? |
20 AA |
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What is an essential amino acid? |
AA that must be derived from our diet |
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What is a conditionally essential amino acid? |
An amino acid that can be made by the body but needs a precursor (essential AA) |
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When can a protein be an allergy? |
Protein may be absorbed intact Body recognizes it as an intruder and is hypersensitized to it Can cause sensitivities in the gut First time, immune system is stimulated Consumption again causes recognition as a foreign substance An immune response is mounted and an allergic reaction occurs This response may be life threatening if anaphylaxis occurs and there are breathing difficulties or a big drop in BP |
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What is the outcome of a randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy? |
Earlyintroduction of peanuts significantly decreased the frequency of thedevelopment of peanut allergy among children at high risk for this allergy andmodulated immune responses to peanuts Children in Israel don't have nearly the incidence as NA Israel there's a peanut cookie, introduced to higher risk for allergy children and incidence of allergy decreased Peanut allergy can be grown out of |
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What is the structure of protein? |
Polymers Huge long chains of differnt amino acids |
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How are proteins in body built? |
The way proteins in our body are built is based on genetic code and that's how we incorporate them into proteins |
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What does it mean that we have limiting amino acids? |
If were missing an amino acid, we can't substitute Need all of the building blocks required to make a protein |
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What makes up the amino acid pool? |
Dietary proteins Turned over proteins in the body (i.e. albumin, can break down, turn over and re-use again) |
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What can we use the amino acid pool for? |
If we haven't taken in other nutrients for energy, can use for energy production For synthesis of glucose or fatty acids Synthesis of non-protein molecules that are nitrogen containing- DNA, RNA, NT |
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What is nitrogen balance? |
When nitrogen intake= nitrogen output Total body protein does not change |
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What is negative nitrogen balance? |
When nitrogen output is greater than nitrogen intake Total body protein decreases
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What is positive nitrogen balance? |
When nitrogen intake is greater than nitrogen output Total body protein increases Ex. pregnancy and body building |
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What are sources of protein? |
Meat, fish, eggs and dairy- main sources of animal proteins Only animal products contain cholesterol Plant sources- legumes, vegetables and grains Provide fibre and plant sterols The source of protein will determine what other nutrients are consumed with it |
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What is the primary source of protein for most of the world's population? |
Grains and vegetables, not meat, dairy or fruits |
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What is an economic benefit of plant protein? |
It's less expensive More cost-efficient |
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What are some examples of cultural protein complementation? |
Mexico: tortillas, beans and rice India: lentils and rice |
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What amino acids does meat contain? |
All of the amino acids |
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What amino acids do plants supply? |
Most plants supply incomplete proteins, except for soy which is complete |
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Why is protein complementation necessary? |
Choose plants containing complementary amino acids to provide all essential amino acids i.e. Rice deficient in lysine, beans compensate, beans have little cytosine and met |
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What scale shows completeness of protein (score)? |
Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score |
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Which few proteins (not meat) are high or complete? |
Isolated soy protein Egg white |
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What does the digestible indispensable amino acid score measure? |
Assess for digestibility of amino acid Calculates a quality of protein Only do calculations with the indispensable |
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What is a good score of digestible indispensable amino acid scale? |
Anything above 100 is good quality protein |
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What is the daily protein requirement for a healthy adult? Does this change with body building? |
0.8kg/day Higher for body building |
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How do you turn pounds into kg? |
Divide by 2.2 for kg |
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What is the result of the study of advances in determining protein and amino acid requirements in humans? |
Results suggests that current mean proteinintake recommendations in adults (0.66g/kg/d) and children (0.76/kg/d) aresignificantly underestimated compared to the IAAO method based requirement of0.93g/kg/d and 1..3g/kg/d, respectively These results have critical significance forpopulations living in developing countries Determined by the indispensable AA oxidation When you multiply it out its not huge amounts of protein we need |
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What is Canada's Food Guide recommendation for protein? |
Consumed from animal and plant sources Milk 8g Beans 7-10g Meat 14-20g Grains/vegetables 1-3g |
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Why would you want to space protein out/spread out during the day? |
Maximum muscle synthesis |
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What can you add to protein in a meal in order to keep the stomach full? |
Fibre |
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What is excessive dietary protein associated with? |
High cholesterol (animal sources) Dyslipidemia Increased risk of kidney stones Kidney exacerbation (want low protein diet for renal problems) If not eating a lot of carbs (more protein), probably wouldn't be getting fibre |
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What would occur if we wanted to use amino acids for energy? |
Remove the nitrogen Turn to fat, turn into VLDL Send to adipose tissue Nitrogen turned into urea and then goes to kidney and is excreted |
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What is phenylketonuria? |
Genetic disease where the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is non-functional Mutation for classic PKU is change from G to A at splice site in mRNA for the PAH gene,yields truncated protein (loss of 99% activity) Inability to process phenylalanine Genetic mutation that doesn't allow people to properly process |
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What is the outcome of PKU? How is the outcome prevented? |
Must be detected early to prevent brain damage Screened at birth |
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What kind of diet is required for PKU? |
Requires a low Phe diet for life (low protein) Avoid artificial sweetener (Aspartame is asp and phe) Need sufficient tyrosine (conditionally essential, would need phenylalanine to make) |
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What is the abnormal processing of phenylalanine? |
Instead of normal processing where phenylalanine goes to tyrosine they become phenylketones which are toxic to the NS/brain |
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What are the benefits of vegetarian diets? |
Lower body weight (less fat in diet) Lower incidence of diabetes, CVD, hypertension, some cancers Have 0.66/0.76 (as compared to 1.0 for frequent meat eaters and non-veg) risk of death from CVD)
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What must vegetarians ensure that they do? |
Need to ensure nutrient needs are met Protein complementation |
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How can nutrients be met in a vegan det? |
Vitamin B12 supplements (found in animal products)- can be a nutritional yeast and micro algae Dairy isn't only source of calcium Fortified nut milk has vitamin D Iron is more accessible to body when eaten with acidic foods |
