Protein (Wiley)

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Protein

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Major structural parts of the body's cells that are made of animo acids assembled in chain.

Rich in animal foods.

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Amino acids

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The building blocks of protein

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Essential amino acids

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Amino acids that either cannot be made in the body or cannot be made in the quantities needed by the body; must be obtained in foods.

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Nonessential amino acids

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Amino acids that can be made in the body

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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Molecules in the nucleus of cells that carry your genetic information.

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Genes

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A tiny section of DNA that has a code to make proteins and other components

Hint 6

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Complete proteins

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Food proteins, generally animal proteins that provide all the essential amino acids in the proportions needed by the body.

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Incomplete protein

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Food proteins that contain at least one limiting amino acid (less one or more essential amino acid)

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Limiting amino acid

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An essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a protein that limits the protein's usefulness unless another food in the diet contains it.

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Complementary proteins

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The ability of two protein foods to make up for the lack of certain amino acids in each other when eaten over the course of a day.

Hint 10

Grains, Nuts and Seeds (incomplete protein/limiting amino acid) + Legumes (complementary protein) = Complete protein

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Functions of protein

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∆ Acts as a structural component of the body

∆ Builds and maintains the body

∆ Found in many enzymes and hormones and all antibodies

∆ Transports iron, fats, minerals and oxygen

∆ Maintains fluid and acid-base balance

∆ Provides energy as last resort

∆ Helps blood clot

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Enzymes

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Catalysts in the body that speed up reactions

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Hormones

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Chemical messenger secreted into the bloodstream by various organs that travel to a target organ and influence what it does.

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Homeostasis

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A constant internal environment in the body

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Regulated by hormones

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Antibodies

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Proteins in the blood that bind with foreign bodies or invaders

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Immune response

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The body's response to a foreign substance, such as virus in the body.

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Functions of enzymes

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1. Break down substances

2. Build up substances

3. Change one substance into another

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Acid-base balance

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The process by which the body buffers the acids and bases normally produced in the body so that the blood is neither too acidic nor too basic.

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Amino acid pool

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The overall amount of amino acids distributed in the blood, organs and body cells.

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RDA (protein)

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0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight

Hint 20

Higher when periods of growth, such as infancy, childhood and pregnancy.

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Health effects of protein

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∆ Extra protein stored as fat if too many kcalories.

∆ Protein lots of animal high-fat leads to raise in cholesterol levels and gaining weight

∆ Processed meat/red meats leads to colon cancer

∆ Too little leads to slow down repairing/maintaining on tissues, weaken immune system.

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Denaturation

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The process in which protein structure changes due to high temperature, addition of acid or whipping, resulting in protein becoming firm, shrinking in size and losing moisture.