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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What verses in ch 1 gives the themes of Isaiah in condensed form?
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1:3-4
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What is the function of Chapter 1 in relation to the rest of the book of Isaiah?
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Introduce the major themes of Isaiah (HIS CAR)
HOLINESS of God- "the Holy One of Israel" (4) ISRAEL'S covenant relation with God - "My people" (3) SINFULNESS of Judah/Jerusalem (3-8) - misuse of sacrifices / injustice COMING judgment (24-25, 29-31) APPEALS (tender) of the LORD (16-19) REMNANT that will be saved (9) |
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What is the function of Chapter 6 in relation to the rest of the book of Isaiah?
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Establishes (PIG)
PROMISE of Hope - judgment will clear ground for holy seed to survive ISAIAH'S credentials & right to speak (prophetic call, Israel obligated to listen) GOAL of ministry - deliver message to Judah to be rejected and seal judgment Extras: Only reference to seraphim in the Bible |
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8th Century Major Historical Events (Isaiah)
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Neo-Assyrian Empire Tiglath Pileser - 745
Syro-Ephraimite War - 732 Fall of Samaria - 722 Egyptian Agitation to revolt against Assyria - 705 Sennacherib's invasion - 701 |
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What is the religious setting of the book of Isaiah?
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The situation varied by king.
Uzziah (767-740) and Jotham (740-732), worship of YHWH dominated, idol worship somewhat tolerated on high places. Ahaz (732-715) - idolatry reigned (including child sacrifice) Hezekiah (715-687) - high places torn down, pure religion returned (though the worship of the people likely not as pure as kings). Manasseh (687-642) - high places rebuilt, idolatry worse than ever in Judah (child sacrifice again), Judah did more evil than the Canaanite nations ever had. |
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What is the social (internal) setting of the book of Isaiah?
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Generally, it was a time of prosperity for Judah, but also of increased oppression of the poor.
Both Israel and Judah had enjoyed great peace and prosperity from 850-750 BC, lulling them into complacency and unfaithfulness to their covenant with Yahweh. |
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What is the critical division of authorship of Isaiah?
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Isa I 1-39 (w/ later additions)
Isa II 40-55 Isa III 56-66 |
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What is the setting of the book of Isaiah Internationally?
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In the beginning of Isaiah's ministry, Assyria is weak, but with the ascension of Tiglath Pileser III in 745, Assyria's power grew.
This put pressure on Israel--Syro-Ephraimite war in 732 Damascus sacked in 732, Samaria in 722 Egypt's pressure on Judah to revolt (705) leads to invasion of Sennacherib and his defeat at Jerusalem (701) Assyria is still the most powerful nation at time of Isaiah's death (Bablyon is not yet strong). |
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What is the intended audience of Isaiah?
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Isaiah’s contemporaries in 8th-century Judah
However the stated audience shifts in chapter 40 to the exilic community. This is a rhetorical device known as apostrophe, in which the stated addressee differs from the actual addressee (still 8th century Judah who is "listening in"). |
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What are the arguments against the traditional view of authorship of Isaiah? (Pro Dual Authorship)
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1. HISTORICAL SETTING of chs. 40-66 reflects the exilic period, because Jerusalem is depicted as having fallen and been deported;
2. The STRIKING DIFFERENCES in language, style, and concepts between the two parts of the book (1-39, 40-66) point to different authors; 3. RELEVANCE - Claim that Isaiah was primarily given a message for his own day (addressing contemporary issues with God’s word); chs. 40-66 are said not to be addressed to the people of the 8th century. Dual authorship of Isaiah (1-39; 40-66) is generally attributed to: Döderlein (1775); Eichhorn (1783); B.S. Childs presents the clearest and strongest articulation |
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What are the arguments responding to critical theories of Isaiah?
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PSS
1. the PRESENT LITERARY CONTEXT attributes the whole book to Isaiah - Jewish tradition & NT authority support this (1A. Josephus in Antiquities; 1B. 1QIsa(a) -no break at end of ch.39 even though it’s at bottom of column; 1C. John 12.38-44 citation of Isa 53.1 and 6.9 2. there are enough SIMILARITIES in language and concepts to maintain a single authorship; differences can be explained by new subject matter, altered intention, and later date in prophet’s life. 3. SUPERNATURAL quality of prophecy is jeopardized if 40-66 written during exile. Can prophets predict the future or not? Clearest and strongest support for single authorship is R. Margalioth (The indivisible Isaiah) and - of course- our own Dr. C. John Collins [may he live long and prosper]. |
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What are the main messianic sections of Isaiah?
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7:14
9:2-7 11:1-10 42:1-4 (Kidner to v9) 49:1-6 (Kidner to v13) 50:4-9 (1-11) 52:13-53:12 |
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Why is 7:14 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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The focus is on God's preservation (through supernatural means) of the House of David - the sign is "to you all" (i.e. David's family)
More Info: This passage is Messianic as it speaks to the survival of the Davidic dynasty (to which God’s blessing is tied – 2 Sam 7:12ff). Vv. 10-14 indicates that a “sign” will be given (= evidence that God keeps his promise): the birth of a special child. (Collins, p.56) In short, Immanuel is a sign of God’s enduring purpose for the house of David (and not just in the face of threat from Ephraim and Aram, but also Assyria) (Collins, p.56) Greater detail about this child is revealed as we move through the book of Immanuel (ch.7-12). Please see Bill Connors review of Bergey’s article to further clarify how the child must be the Messiah. |
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Why is 9:2-7 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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Short: It builds on the unique/special Davidic interests of ch.7 (consider "el gibor")
Long: This passage speaks again to the Davidic king that offers hope amid troubling circumstances. To that end, ch 9 offers further description of the child from ch.7. The fact that Immanuuel is a sign of God’s enduring purpose for the house of David, and that the child of ch.9 is a Davidic king, and that ch.11 continues the picture of the Davidic king, with ch.12 as the reaction of praise, suggests that we should identify the boy of ch.9 with Immanuel, and distinguish them from Isaiah’s two sons (Shear Yashub, 7.3, and Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz, 8.3), who are signs for the more immediate situation (8.18). (Collins, p.56) |
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Why is 11:1-10 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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Short: Focus on the reign of this special Davidic heir. Whenever there is an interest in the nations, it is a solid criteria for the messiah. Ministry to the nations is a kingly function (ala 2 Sam 7) and KING = MESSIAH = DAVIDIC Heir.
Long: This passage shapes how the “story” will end by building a picture of the Messiah’s kingship/reign. The language shows how the Davidic Messiah is expanding his reign over the Gentiles—which for Christians, is the age in which we now live. (Collins, p.58) |
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Why is 42:1-4 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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1st Servant Song (Kidner goes to verse 9)
This passage shows that the Servant is Yahweh’s anointed (v.1) and this servant exercises the royal functions of ‘bringing justice to the nations’ (v.1,3-4). The servant will also serve as a "light for the nations" (v6). |
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Why is 49:1-6 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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2nd Servant Song (Kidner goes to v13)
Here the Servant brings back Jacob/Israel to the LORD (v5), and also is a light to the nations, bringing salvation to the ends of the earth. |
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Why is 50:4-9 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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3rd Servant Song (Delitzsch 1-11)
- prophetic authority of Servant - innocent suffering of Servant - Vindication of Servant and followers - punishment of opponents |
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Why is 52:13-53:12 Messianic, and what picture does it paint of the Messiah?
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4th Servant Song
1. "high and lifted up" is clearly about YHWH in 6:1 & 57:15 2. dealing with nations and kings connects the servant with the kingly mission of the Messiah. Picture: 1. Messiah has been primarily a kingly figure, here he is PRIESTLY (sprinkle, sacrifice, intercession). 2. Shocking to us what the Servant/Messiah must go through to accomplish his task. (grief, sorrows, iniquity and judgment that he bears VICARIOUS for the people of God. 3.There is VINDICATION on the other side of his suffering and death. 4. FULFILLING the kingly task of taking the light to the nations. |
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Some other potentially Messianic sections to be aware of in Isaiah besides the major ones...
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2:1-5 Depicts the era inaugurated by the coming of the Messiah, by his resurrection and ascension.
61:1-11 Depicts Servant’s ministry to Israel - deliverance and justice. Renewed covenant relationship described in v8b will be permanent. Delitzsch considers the speaker to be the Servant of Jehovah, |
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What do we make of the servant of the LORD?
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SLAP
SPECIFIC individual with a mission to Israel and beyond (49.5-6 ). LORD'S chosen (42.1) ALL that Israel should have been (41.8; 45.4; 49.3) PROPHET Priest & King. |
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How does the Figure of the Servant relate to the people of God?
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Dual understanding - Servant can be
1) the people of Israel - outside of the Servant Songs (42,49,50,52/53), the servant is mostly the corporate entity Israel. 2) the designated representative who embodies the people. Exegete must take each instance on a case by case basis (context). If you can't decide, that's significant. The Individual servant (SCAM): SPRINGS from Israel/people of God COVENANT rep. of Israel/ people of God, (just as the Davidic king). ACTS as Israel/people of God should act (is the "true Israel/people of God") MINISTERS to Israel/people of God and to the world. |
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How does the servant relate to the messiah?
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The servant is the messiah (i.e. the anointed one) because
1) of DISTINCTION b/w Israel as the servant and an individual who is an embodiment of Israel... indv. is distinct 2) CONNECTION with Davidic mission (towards gentiles) 3) The phrase "my servant David" in Ez 34, 37 LINKS the servant to the davidic messiah. See also Mt 8:17, 12:18-21, Acts 8:32-33. |
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Name the Servant Songs
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Traditional: 42:1-4; 49:1-6; 50:4-9; 52:13-53:12
Collins: 42:1-9, 49:1-13, 50:1-11, 52:13-53:12 |
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Monarchs in Isaiah's ministry
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Uzziah (767-740) - good
Jotham (740-732) - good Ahaz (732-715) - BAD Hezekiah (715-687) - good Manasseh (687-642) - BAD |
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Objective criteria for determining authorship - Linguistic
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LAD
1. LATE EXPRESSIONS – those claimed by Driver are not demonstrably later than Isaiah’s lifetime 2. AFFINITIES - Margalioth’s list of affinities (e.g. “Holy One of Israel”) is more substantial than Driver’s list of differences 3. DIFFERENCES - Driver’s list of stylistic differences is arbitrary; Delitzsch points out that change in style in 40-66 is due to new subject matter: author is no longer speaking of his own time, but of the distant future, using exalted language |
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Objective criteria for determining authorship - Literary
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VANISHING AUTHOR? (posited by J.A. Alexander): How could such a brilliant author as Deutero-Isaiah prophesy at such an important time in Judah’s history, and then disappear into oblivion, and have his work joined to Isaiah’s book
THEMATIC UNITY: No escaping the thematic connection between the two parts of the book. Even scholars like Childs who accepts multiple authorship cannot ignore the multiple instances of unity. |
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Objective criteria for determining authorship - Tradition
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1. Isaiah appears in other OT authors, quoted in Jeremiah, Zephaniah, shows relationship with Micah
2. How do you account for the tradition of unified authorship - particularly when there is no tradition of multiple authors. |
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Objective criteria for determining authorship of Isaiah - content
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(PRP)
1. PREDICTIVE PROPHECY. Unscientific to rule out a priori the possibility of predictive prophecy. Predictive prophecy leads to unified authorship. Denying unified authorship requires that someone was fraudulently passing off 6th cen. work as an 8th cen. predictive prophecy. 2. RELEVENCE to Isaiah’s time: Event of 40-66 are future for Isaiah’s audience, but there is a present moral significance – esp. in the anti-idolatry passages of 45, 48, 57, and 66. 3. POLEMIC against idolatry: references to idolatry in chs. 40-66 only make sense in a Canaanite context, not a Babylonian one. |
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Objective criteria for determining authorship - Ideology.
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The unspoken presupposition of the critical view is a naturalistic worldview. They rule out supernatural events from the start and this drives all their conclusions.
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Objective criteria for determining authorship – philosophy of science criteria
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which theory of authorship best
1. Accounts for all the data 2. Applies Ockham’s razor (introduces the least complications) 3. Coheres with itself and other outside phenomena 4. Generates fruitfulness |
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What are the dates of Isaiah's ministry?
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typically dated from 739 to 701 B.C.
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