Properties Of Water; Macromolecules; Nucleic Acids

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cohesive

Back 1

the units invovled stick together

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adhesive

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water will stick to other substances with other charges not just water molecules

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Solvent

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a liquid capable of disolving a substance

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Solute

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the substance being disolved

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hydrophilic

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water loving

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hydrophobic

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do not dissolve in water

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hydrophobic interaction

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causes non polar substances to seperate from water molecules

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acid

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substance that adds hydrogen ions to solutions

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base

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a substance that adds hydroxyl ions to a solution

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dehydration synthesis

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aka- condensation reaction. chemical reaction joining two molecules with the removal of one molecule of water

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hydrolisis

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breakdown of a molecule by adding a molecule of water to certain bonds

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monosaccharides

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contain 3 to 7 carbons. Simple sugars. Pintose and Hexose

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oligosaccharides

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minimum of three monosaccharides up to 16.

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Polysaccharide

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contains glycogen, starch, and cellulose

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glycogen

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major sugar storage form in animals. Used when you don't have amount of food needed

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Plants store sugar as

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starch

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cellulose

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found only in plants in the cell wall.

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Lipids

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heterogenous, insoluble in water

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3 kinds of lipids

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triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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triglycerides

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composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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fatty acids

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have an even number of carbons(16-18)

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saturated fatty acids

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single bonded carbons that have the maximum number of hydrogens attached

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unsaturated fatty acids

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has one or more carbon to carbon double bonds in its structure. Causes a bend or twist in the molecule

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fats

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triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and primarily found in animals

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oils

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triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature and have one or more unsaturated fatty acids

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phospholipids

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have polar head and fatty acid tails. Has one glycerol molecule and a phosphate group

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steroids

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four membered ring structures with no fatty acids

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Proteins

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based on monomer/ polymer relationship

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amino acids have three different parts

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amine group, carboxyl group, side chain

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3 categories of amino acids

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non polar
polar, uncharged
polar charged

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Putting amino acids together forms a

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peptide bond

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two peptides linked together
forms a

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dipeptide bond

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protein synthesization

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synthesised in only one direction from the amino terminal end to the carboxy terminal end

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Primary structure

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the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

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Secondary structure

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the shape of the primary structure in space. Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet

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tertiary structure

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how the secondary structure is arranged in space. 3D shape of the polypeptide. Hydrogen bonds help to hold together

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Fibrous Proteins

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long thin proteins like hair and silk

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hemoglobin

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made up of four polypeptide chains

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quarternary structures

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has more than one polypeptide that make up the protein

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Nucleotides

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contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

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Phosphodiester Bond

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joins nucleotides together

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polynucleotide chain

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sugar phosphate back bone and all bases project off one side

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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a double polynucleotide chain with complementary chains that form a double helix
A, G, C, T

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Base pairs

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G,C
A,T (U)

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Ribonucleic Acid

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a single polynucleotide chain. Three kinds tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

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mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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messanger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA

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Procaryote

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organisms without a nucleus and lack organelles of any kind

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Eukaryote

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cells that posses a nucleus and organelles

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humans have ___ chromosomes

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46

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Proposed the lipid bilayer as basic structure of the membrane

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1925

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Davson and Danielli Model

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1935- lipid bilayer coated in proteins

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Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membranes

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1972- based on the lipid bilayer with two kinds of proteins (integral and peripheral). Proteins are a mosaic not a solid layer

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Glycoprotein

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any protein with a carbohydrate attached to them.