Prop #4

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Slip

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a term used for offshoots of pineapple that are used in propagation (Sucker)

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Offshoot

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a synonymous term for offset

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Suckering

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a term given to the practice of removing suckers and/ or watersprouts

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Crown

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the root-stem juncture of a plant; dicots

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Types of Natural Layering

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1) Tip layering -a form of natural layering in which the stem tip of some species form roots
2) Runners laying which specialize stem grows laterally from the crown & roots at alt nodes
3) Stolons an underground stem that grows laterally from crown w/shorter runner internodes
4) Offset a leafy plant stem that develops from the base of many monocots (or leaf axil)
5) Sucker a term given fro an advent shoot emerging from a root (watersprout)
6) Crown division a method of propagation in which the crown is separated into independent plant material

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Simple layer

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is a type of layering in which single one-year old shoots are bent to ground, covered with soil, then (sometimes) girdled to stimulate root initiation of the stem

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Compound layer

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a type of layering in which the entire horizontal shoot is covered with rooting media

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Serpentine layer

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is a type of layering in which a horizontal shoot (or vine) is covered at individual nodes for rooting

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Air layering

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a type of layering in which an aerial stem is girdled and enclosed with rooting media to produce rooted layers in the upper par of the plant

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Mound (Stool) layer

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- a type of layering in which shoots on established plants are cut back to the base annually and mounded over with rooting media at intervals during growth to stimulate rooting; Stooling is the practice of cutting shoot back to the base

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Trench layer

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layering in which shoots of established plants are placed horizontally at the base of a trench where new shoots are covered at intervals during growth for etiolation

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Drop layer

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a type of layering in which bases of shoots in plants established in containers are covered as in mound layering

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Stool shoots

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are clusters of shoots that emerge when a stem is cut to its base

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Rejuvenation

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is the reversal of phase change from mature to juvenile

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Invigoration

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increased vigor of shoot growth in response to pruning

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Etiolation

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the response of a plant stem when light is excluded during the time the shoot is growing, and the shoot elongates

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Blanching

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exclusion of light from the intact stem after it has grown

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Bending

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a practice used during layering to bend a one-year old stem in a U-shape to duplicate the effect of girdling

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Incision

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a cut made partially through the stem during layering to produce the same effect as girdling

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Girdling

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is the practice of cutting through or removing the bark completely around the stem to interrupt the downward movement in the phloem to cause the accumulation of carbohydrates without interrupting the H2O conduction

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Layering

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is a system of vegetative propagation where stems are rooted while still attached to the source plant

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Suckering

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sprouts from the rootstock that can crowd out and inhibit growth of the scion; hence, they must be controlled

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Chip-Budding

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Nursery budding; bench budding ; container budding; top-working in orchard; one of the (2) most popular budding systems

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T-Budding

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(Shield Budding) – Nursery budding; bench budding ; container budding; top-working in orchard; one of the (2) most popular budding systems, except used in June budding and wood out or flipped bud method

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Inverted T-Incision

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used in high rainfall areas or with species that have excessive sap flow (bleeding); the horizontal portion of the T-cut is made at the bottom rather than the top to allow the H2O or sap to drain; the shield bud is inserted with normal polarity

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Flute and Ring

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(Annular) Modification of patch budding; bud patch of fluted bud has greater circumference than conventional patch bud and budding completely runs around stock

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Microbudding

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Similar to T-Budding, except bud piece reduced to a very small size using only the bud and a small piece of wood under it

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Quienscent

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(quiescence) refers to buds that are inhibited from growing and elongating via apical dominance of more distal buds produced during the current season on the same shoot

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Liner

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a lined-out seedling or clonal rootstock in a nursery field row which is used for budding

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Wood

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the secondary xylem that makes up the major mass of rootstock tissue

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Vascular cambium

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is the tissue responsible for the formation of new xylem and phloem in the development of a successful graft union

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Requirements for Successful Grafting

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1) Rootstock and scion must be compatible; usually closely related are compatible
2) Vascular cambium of the scion must be placed in direct contact with that of the rootstock
3) Grafting operation must be done at a time when the rootstock and scion are in proper physiological state; capable of callusing as well as in dormant or active stage required
4) Immediately after grafting operation is completed, all cut surfaces must be protected from desiccation
5) Proper care must be given to the grafts for a period of time after grafting.

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Detached scion graftage

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is a type of graft used when a section of the shoot of the scion is removed and grafted to the apex or side of a rootstock

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Approach graftage

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is the root system of the scion and shoot system of the rootstock are not removed until after the successful graft union formation occurs

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Whip and Tongue graft

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is particularly useful for grafting relatively small material, provides considerable amount of vascular cambium contact

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Splice Graft

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(Whip Graft) similar to whip and tongue, but the second ‘tongue’ cut is not used; can be used if the root stock or scion is the same size or the rootstock is larger

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Cleft Graft

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(Split Graft) is one of the oldest; used to topwork trees, either in the trunk of a small tree or in the scaffold branches of a larger tree

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Wedge Graft

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(Saw-Kerf Graft) like a cleft graft, it can be made in late winter, or early spring; make a series of ‘V’ wedges in the rootstock, then insert scion trimmed to the same shape

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Saddle Graft

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can be bench grafted by hand or machine; the rootstock and scion must be about the same size; the scion is cut to have a saddle appearance and the understock to form a blunt point

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Four-flap Graft

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(Banana Graft) is used in topworking small-caliper trees or limbs up to 1”; four bark flaps are peeled down and inner wood is removed, then scion bark removed and wood retained

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Scion rooting

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the development of adventitious roots from the grafted scion; good for nurse-root grafting which is temp graft, but problematic in other grafts where characteristics of rootstock may be lost

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Inarching

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is where seedlings provide roots (root cuttings)

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Bridge grafts

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is a form of repair where injured trunk can be repaired be removing damaged area and using scion sections to bridge

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Crippling or Lopping

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bending (restriction) or cutting halfway through the rootstock stem above the bud union. This helps to force out the bud and maintain growth of the grafted plant.

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Crown Grafting

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grafting that is done at the crown of the rootstock, which is the junction of the root and shoot system. From earlier when the grafts were tied to the single rootstock in a circle

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Topworking

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using either top-grafting or top-budding when a scion is grafted or budded onto an established plant in the orchard

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Budding

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form of grafting that uses a smaller scion piece – sometimes just a portion of the stem with an auxiliary bud

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Rootstock

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(understock) or stock; the root system of the budded plant

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Frameworking

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a form of top –budding (topworking) where a few scaffold branches are retained on an established rootstock for multiple budding of a new scion

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Bark

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composed of tissue from the periderm to the phloem. For most budding systems the bark must be ‘slipping’ which occurs with active rootstock growth