Prokaryotes

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shapes of prokaryotes

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coccus, bacillus, spirilla

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coccus

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spherical/round

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Bacillus

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rod

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Spirilla

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spiral shaped; the rarest type of prokaryote shape

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difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria

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eubacteria has peptidoglycan in their cell walls, archaebacteria does not

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gram stain

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two groups of eubacteria which changes color with the amount of peptidoglycan

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gram-positive

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simple walls with lots of peptidoglycan; stains purple

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gram-negative

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less peptidoglygan with a lipopolysaccharide; if the cell wall breaks down the lipopolysaccharide is released and is an endotoxin

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how do pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease

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by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins

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exotoxins

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cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present

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endotoxin

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are released only when the bacteria dies and their cell walls break down

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bioremediation

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the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

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capsule

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layer outside the cell wall which contains polysaccharides and proteins which help shield them from the immune system

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pili

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hairlike appendages which allow bacteria to attach to their host or each other in colonies

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sexual pili

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specialized structures which allow the bacteria to attach and exchange DNA

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flagella

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long whiplike tail which moves baceria through liquids

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taxis

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movement towards or away

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chemotaxis

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movement because of chemicals

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cell membrane of prokaryote

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does photosynthesis, aerobic respiration since the prokaryote lacks organelles

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nucleoid region

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location of prokaryotic dna

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plasmid

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small circular piece of dna

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ribosome

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protein production

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r plasmid

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carry genes for antibiotic resistance

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why dont prokaryotes sexually reproduce

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they dont make gametes

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asexual reproduction

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known as binary fission

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transformation

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can take up and incorporate foreign dna from the surrounding environment

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transduction

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is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

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conjugation

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the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells

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endospore

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dormant structures which contain a copy of DNA; very hard to kill

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phototrophs

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obtain energy from light

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chemotroph

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obtain energy from chemicals

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autotrophs require what as a carbon source

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CO2

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heterotroph require what as a carbon source

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an organic nutrient

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obligate aerobe

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require O2 for cellular respiration

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obligate anaerobe

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are poisoned by O2

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facultative anaerobe

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can survive with or without O2

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nitrogen fixation

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some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

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biofilm

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are sticky collections of bacteria who secrete chemical; they have quorum sensing which allows them to coordinate activities

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halophile

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live in highly salty environments

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thermophile

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live in very hot environments

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methanogen

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live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product; oldest group of prokaryotes discovered

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alpha proteo

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group the mitochondria is believed to have evolved from

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delta proteo

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predator of other bacteria

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epsilon proteo

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contains pathogens which causes blood poisoning, and stomach ulcers

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chlamydia

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parasites that live within animal cells

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spirochete

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helical heterotrophs; some are parasites

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cyanobacteria

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photoautotrophs that generate O2, chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria

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decomposer

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recycle matter; break down corpses , dead vegetation, and waste products

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symbiosis

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an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont

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mutualism

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bot symbiotic organisms benifet

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commensalism

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one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other

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parasitism

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an organism called a parasite harms but doesnt kill its host

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pathogen

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parasites that cause disease

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beta proteo

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nitrogen fixers which are found in the soil

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gamma proteo

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is transmitted through food and water sources