Prokaryotes

Front 1

A defining feature of a prokaryote

Back 1

lack of membrane bound nuclei

single celled organism, much smaller than eukaryotes

Front 2

what is a eukaryote

Back 2

contains a membrane bound nuclei and multiple sub cellular organelles

Front 3

shapes of prokaryotes

Back 3

spherical (coccus)

rod-shaped (bacillus)

helical (spirillum)

Front 4

extremophiles

Back 4

prokaryotes are commonly referred to this meaning they can withstand harsh environments.

Front 5

are prokaryotes large in numbers?

Back 5

yes, they out number all eukaryotes combined.

Front 6

Three factors that allow prokaryotes to grow and reproduce so quickly

Back 6

1.) small genome(genetic material)

2.) simple morphologies (shapes)

3.) prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission

Front 7

What is binary fission?

Back 7

asexual reproduction process of cell division in which a prokaryotic chromosome replicates and the mother cell pinches in half to form two new daughter cells

Front 8

what does the short generation time in prokaryotes mean?

Back 8

evolutionary changes can occur more rapidly

Front 9

where is the DNA in a prokaryote found?

Back 9

nucleoid

Front 10

what are plasmids?

Back 10

small rings of extrachromosomal DNA only contain a few genes. replicate independently of the main chromosome, and many can be readily transferred between prokaryotic cells.

Front 11

what is the one source of genetic variation in prokaryotes?

Back 11

Mutation

Front 12

Three ways which prokaryotes transfer genes between individuals

Back 12

transformation

conjugation

transduction

Front 13

How does transformation occur?

Back 13

Transformation occurs when prokaryotes acquire genes from their surrounding environment. if it is beneficial the organism will keep the DNA and have an advantage over its counter parts. this can turn harmless cells into pathogenic cells.

Front 14

How does conjugation occur?

Back 14

two living prokaryotic cells physically join with one another.

F+ "males" containing a pilus connects with a F- "female" the end result is two F+ cells

Front 15

How does Transduction occur?

Back 15

Transduction occurs when phages infect their DNA into the chromosomes of prokaryotes thus causing it to lay dormant until it is activated and then bursts to reproduce

Front 16

Like plants, most prokaryotes contain ____ _____

Back 16

Cell Walls

Front 17

peptidoglycan

Back 17

A polymer consisting of sugar and polypeptides

Front 18

gram stain

Back 18

a procedure used to identify bacteria as gram positive or negative

Front 19

I have a lot of peptidoglycan in my cell wall. Therefore, my cell wall is a lot less complex than others. In my gram stain test, I am?

Back 19

Gram-positive

Front 20

I do not have as much peptidoglycan in my cell wall. Therefore, my cell wall is very complex. I also have an extra outer membrane with attached lipopolysaccharides. In a gram stain I am?

Back 20

Gram-negative

Front 21

A gram-negative infection is more severe than a gram positive infection, why?

Back 21

Because the outer layer containing attached lipopolysaccharides cause the bacteria to become more resistant to antibiotics

Front 22

many bacteria have an additional layer outside the cell wall termed the ..? Explain

Back 22

Capsule

Capsules are sticky substances made and secreted by a bacterium, and they help bacteria adhere to surfaces or to each other. Capsules also provide an additional layer of protection to the encapsulated organism.

Front 23

What is the most common form of movement in the prokaryote?

Back 23

The use of their flagellum or "tail" allows them to push through their territory

Front 24

What does the flagella of a prokaryote consist of?

Back 24

Tightly wound chains of the protein flagellin attached to a molecular motor complex located within the cell wall

Front 25

What do the prefixes "Chemo" and "photo" mean?

Back 25

Chemo - energy comes from a high energy molecule

Photo - energy comes from light

Front 26

What do the prefixes "Auto" and "Hetero" mean?

Back 26

used to describe whether carbon dioxide or a more complex form of carbon is used as a carbon source

Front 27

endospores

Back 27

thickly coated, resistant cells

Front 28

sporulation

Back 28

the formation of endospores

Front 29

symbiosis

Back 29

The state of any two species having an extended and intimate association

Front 30

mutualism

Back 30

The host and microsymbiont are both in a beneficial relationship.

Front 31

parasitism

Back 31

One of the partners suffers at expense to the others benefit in this relationship.

Front 32

commensalism

Back 32

a relationship that is not beneficial or harmful to either partners

Front 33

opportunistic infection

Back 33

a normally commensalistic bacteria becomes pathogenic in response to a changed environment

Front 34

Exotoxins

Back 34

proteins secreted by prokaryotes

Front 35

Endotoxins

Back 35

surface protein components of the outer cell membrane in some gram-negative bacteria

Front 36

nitrogen fixation

Back 36

a process in which Nitrogen is transformed into a biologically usable state also known as ammonia by certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 37

saprobes

Back 37

organisms that live off dead and decaying matter

Front 38

anaerobic

Back 38

organism that does not need oxygen to survive and can be poisoned by oxygen