Prok Diversity Final 2

Front 1

what are the 3 mechanisms that bacteria and archaea use to make ATP?

Back 1

1-substrate level phosphorylation-transfer hi energy P from phosphorylated organic to adp=atp
2-respiration- oxidizing reduced e- donors coupled with reduction of e- acceptors REDOX
3-photophosphorylation-use light energy to make chg seperation to make ATP - REDOX

Front 2

Redox reactions
oxidation is the _ of electrons, oxidation _ energy

Back 2

loss of electrons
releases

Front 3

reduction is the _ of electrons

Back 3

gain

Front 4

redox can involve the transfer of _ , usually coupled with _ which can be realeased to cause a _ _

Back 4

H+ protons
electrons
proton gradient

Front 5

how is the amount of free energy determined?

Back 5

difference in reduction potential of e donors and acceptors

Front 6

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 6

can occur aerobically- glycolysis or anerobically- fermentation

Front 7

STP
what are the two types of fermentations?

Back 7

1-mixed acid - makes ethanol, acetate, co2, h2, lactate
2- 2,3 butanediol - makes ethanol, 23 butanediol, co2 and h2

Front 8

respiration
makes atp using the _

Back 8

e- transport chain

Front 9

what is the process of e transport chain?

Back 9

reducing equivalents (e-) are passed thru intermediates to final electron acceptor
aerobic uses o2, anerobic uses other things

Front 10

where is the e- transport chain found?

Back 10

in the cytoplasmic membrane of respiring or PS prokaryotes

Front 11

what ties the e transport chain to atp synthesis?

Back 11

chemioosmosis - proton gradient drives synthesis of atp

Front 12

photosynthesis
describe the process

Back 12

photon of light absorbed by light harvesting mc, which makes it excited and it donates e- to be an e- acceptor - causes proton gradient and makes atp

Front 13

what are the 5 types of photosynthetic bacteria?

Back 13

nonsulfur purple bacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
green sulfur bacteria
cyanobacteria
heliobacteria

Front 14

where are nonsulfur purple bacteria found and what are e- and C sources found?

Back 14

surface of mud/lakes
e-=H2 or org
C= co2

Front 15

where are purple sulfur bacteria found and what are e- and C sources found?

Back 15

sulfur springs hypolimnon
anerobic with lots sulfur/light
e-=h2s
c=co2

Front 16

where are green sulfur bacteria found and what are e- and C sources found?

Back 16

lower depths
anerobic with lots sulfur
e-= h2s
C=co2

Front 17

where are cyanobacteria found and what are e- and C sources found?

Back 17

surface water
aerobic
e-= h20
c= co2

Front 18

where are heliobacteria found and what are e- and C sources found?

Back 18

alkaline env
e-= lactate or org mc
C= lactate, pyruvate, acetate

Front 19

PS archaea

Back 19

extremely halophilic archaea- salt, 02 limited , has caroteniod and bacteriorhodopsin to eject proton makes PMF to make atp

Front 20

what are the possible growth conditions of prokaryotes?

Back 20

ph 1-11
temp 0-100
fresh or salt water
aerobic or anerobic

Front 21

what are some unique abilities of prokaryotes?

Back 21

fix n2
make b12
use inorg sources as e donors in respiration and PS
use inorg sources as term e acceptors
PS without chlorophyll
grow anerobically
grow in temp above 80

Front 22

what are growth factors and give examples?

Back 22

low molecular weight compounds needed in growth medium
vitamins
amino acids
purines and pyrimidines

Front 23

2 types of culture mediums
which is for faster growing

Back 23

solid and liquid
liquid

Front 24

2 nutritional types of mediums

Back 24

rich complex - has 1 or more chemically undefined components like peptone
defined synthetic - all chemically defined and known amounts

Front 25

what are the 3 isolation techniques?

Back 25

1-streak plate- streak in diff quads, each colony comes from a single parents, streak again to get 1 pure or bacterial strain
2-spread plate-dilute cells spread with hockey stick then streak plate to show pure
3-pour plate - mix sample with molten agar, heat may kill

Front 26

what is the isolation of prokaryotes using a nutritional and physical conditions?

Back 26

enrichment culture

Front 27

draw winogradskys column

Back 27

more 02 at top more h2s at bottom
aerobic cyanobacteria nonsulfur purple
purple sulfur
green sulfur
anerobic

Front 28

what is the time it takes for cells to divide called?
what is the equation

Back 28

generation time
Nt=No*2^N
n=log Nt-log No/log 2
gen time=time in min/n

Front 29

draw out the growth curve of bacteria

Back 29

lag, exponential , stationary, death

Front 30

prokaryotes that grow at low phs are called
at high ph are called

Back 30

acidophiles
alkalinophiles

Front 31

define
aerobes
microaerophiles
anerobic

Back 31

like oxygen use aerobic respiration
aerobic resp at limited oxygen
lil or no oxygen

Front 32

why are some prokaryotes senesitve to oxygen?
how do aerobes tolerate oxygen?

Back 32

because o2 can react and form toxic byproducts
aerobes have enzymes that break down the toxic byproducts

Front 33

what are the different temperature categories of prokaryotes?

Back 33

1-psychrophiles- 0-15 ice
2-mesophiles - 20-45 animals, soil,h20
3-thermophiles - 45-70 vol areas and hot springs
4-hyperthermophiles - >70 ocean

Front 34

what involves puttin dna on an extrachromosomal element like a plasmid?
what does it use to cut the dna?

Back 34

cloning
restriction enezymes

Front 35

2 ways the cell protects itself against foreign incoming dna?

Back 35

1-restriction enzymes - create double stranded breaks in the dna
2-modification enzymes- modify incoming dna so that it doesnt get cut

Front 36

what does sticky ends, blunt ends, protruding and recessed ends look like?

Back 36

draw

Front 37

what is pcr used for?
what is the process?

Back 37

to amplify the gene before cloning
denature, anneal and extend

Front 38

what is microbial genomics?

Back 38

determine the whole genome of microbes and id the genes in the sequences

Front 39

what is large scale genomic sequencing?

Back 39

dna sequencing sanger

Front 40

what is annotation?

Back 40

using computer to compare new sequence to those in database and determine relatedness and function

Front 41

can an organism grow in the presence of oxygen even if it does not use 02 as a final e acceptor?

Back 41

yes

Front 42

enrichment cultures often yield only a single prokaryotic species

Back 42

F
doesn't isolate a strain it isolates a type - end up with cyano but with many strains of it

Front 43

all photosynthetic bacteria use some type of chlorphyll molecule to trap light

Back 43

T

Front 44

do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes grow in a winodgradsky column?

Back 44

yes

Front 45

do viable counts always underestimate the number of prokaryotes present in a soil samples?

Back 45

yes

Front 46

can a prokaryotic strain that requires growth factors be grown in a defined medium?

Back 46

yes

Front 47

the strickland reaction is an example of ?

Back 47

substrate level phosphorylation

Front 48

which of the following always occurs in a biological redox reaction?
a h atom is always transferred
a proton is released to the cytoplasm
at least 1 e- is transferred

Back 48

at least 1 e- is transferred

Front 49

which uses only aerobic respiration to generate energy?
strict anerobe
facultative aerobe
microaerophile
strict aerobe

Back 49

microaerophile and strict aerobe

Front 50

which of the following is not true regarding carotenoid based system for PS?
involves a single redox reaction
absorbtion of light by bacteriodophsin
protons ejected
pmf is created

Back 50

involves a single redox reaction

Front 51

an excited molecule can not:
dissapate energy in form of heat
dissappate energy in the form of radiation
change reduction potential mc so that it bc an e donor
trasfer energy to neighbor
dissapate in form of flourescnce

Back 51

dissapate in the form of radiation

Front 52

what is not an anoxygenic ps prokaryotic system?
nonsulfur purple bacteria
green sulfur
purple sulfur
cyanobacteria

Back 52

cyanobacteria

Front 53

what is the process of cloning and sequncing random fragments of prokaryotic species then assembling sequences into full genome seq?

Back 53

whole genome shotgun sequencing

Front 54

what did beijernick find?

Back 54

that if u use same enrichment media on samples from diverse habitats u get similar bacteria

Front 55

what membrane is never an energy transducing membrane?

Back 55

gram - outer membrane

Front 56

the PMF is also known as the

Back 56

electrochemical potential

Front 57

read gel from ?

Back 57

bottom to top

Front 58

which can result in isolated colonies?
streak
spread
pour

Back 58

all

Front 59

which can colonies grow in the
agar?
streak
spread
pour

Back 59

pour

Front 60

which uses a glass hockey stick?
streak
spread
pour

Back 60

spread

Front 61

some species may be killed
streak
spread
pour

Back 61

pour

Front 62

cells are distributed into quadrants
streak
spread
pour

Back 62

streak

Front 63

in which is ethanol produced?
mixed acid fermentation
butanediol
both
neither

Back 63

both

Front 64

which is gas produced in?
mixed acid fermentation
butanediol
both
neither

Back 64

both

Front 65

which can involve glycolysis?
mixed acid fermentation
butanediol
both
neither

Back 65

both

Front 66

which produces lactate?
mixed acid fermentation
butanediol
both
neither

Back 66

mixed acid

Front 67

butanediol is produced
mixed acid fermentation
butanediol
both
neither

Back 67

butanediol

Front 68

which uses both ddntps and dntps?
manual sanger
automated sanger
both
neither

Back 68

both

Front 69

which uses a radioactive primer?
manual sanger
automated sanger
both
neither

Back 69

manual

Front 70

in which does dna synthesis occur?
manual sanger
automated sanger
both
neither

Back 70

both

Front 71

which uses a flourescent primer?
manual sanger
automated sanger
both
neither

Back 71

neither

Front 72

products for a given dna template are analyzed on a single lane of gel?
manual sanger
automated sanger
both
neither

Back 72

automated