Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what must living organisms be? and give examples
|
must be cellular
bacteria , protozoa, fungi, algae NOT viruses |
|
|
does prokaryotes have NUCLEUS, CHROMOSOMES,MITOSIS,MEIOSIS, MITO,CHOLORO,RIBO, RNA?
|
no
1 - circular or linear yes no no no 70s no |
|
|
does eukaryotes have NUCLEUS, CHROMOSOMES,MITOSIS,MEIOSIS, MITO,CHOLORO,RIBO, RNA?
|
yes
2- linear yes yes yes yes 80s yes |
|
|
which organisms have peptidoglycan?
|
bacteria
|
|
|
what is a photoautotroph,photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph,chemoheterotroph?
|
1-obtain energy from light and carbon from co2
2- obtain energy from light and carbone from organic mc 3- obtain energy from inorganic mc, and carbon from co2 4-obtain energy from inorg mc, carbone from org/inog mc |
|
|
endosymbiosos states that eukaryotes come from merging of _ and _
draw the merge |
bacteria and archeae
|
|
|
what is the evidence for endosymbiosos?
|
chloroplasts and mitochondria both have dna but no nuclear membrane
both sized like bacteria both have 70s ribosomes 16s of mitochondria is like 16s of protobacterias; 16s of chloroplast is like 16s of cyanobacteria |
|
|
what are the characteristics of plasmids?
which genetic exchange transfer plasmids? |
1-replicate on their own
2-extrachromosomal 3-most circular 4-may have resistance genes conjugation and transformation |
|
|
what type of cell membrane does bacteria have? draw and describe
|
phospholipid bylayer
|
|
|
what type or cell membranes do archaea have? draw and describe
|
1-bilayer made of glycerol ether linked to isoprenoid
2-monolayer made of glycerol linked to isoprenoid linked to glycerol |
|
|
what is in a gram - outer membrane?
|
phospholipid layer, lipoprotein anchor, other proteins, LPS, periplasmic space - bt cell wall and membrane site of cell wall synthesis
|
|
|
what are the types or archaea cell walls?
|
proteinaceous
glycopeptide pseudopeptidoglycan - NAM acid replaces NAM has NAG |
|
|
what type of solutions are bacteria and archae usually in? decribe
|
hypotonic , where solutes greated on inside of cell so water goes into cell - cell wall stops from bursting
|
|
|
what is a genome?
|
complete set of genes
|
|
|
name purines and pyrimidines..
which bind together? |
A,G=purines
C,T=pyrimidines a-t bind g-c bind |
|
|
what does a gene code for?
|
a specific poplypeptide
|
|
|
draw the DNA tree
|
dna-transcription-translation
|
|
|
what feature does every gene have?(what's needed for transcription)
|
site for transcription start and stop
|
|
|
draw bacterial and arachaeal promoter. what binds at these promoters?
|
rna polymerase
|
|
|
what does every gene have that codes for protein and polypeptides?
|
promoter
terminator open reading frame |
|
|
what is an operon?
is a single gene ever considered to be an operon? |
dna that holds genes that are transcribed onto same MRNA
NO |
|
|
what makes new combos of genes and is important for evolution?
|
genetic exchange
|
|
|
genetic exchange OFTEN involves what?
|
homologous recombination
|
|
|
what are types of genetic exchange?
|
transduction
conjugation transformation |
|
|
which one does not transfer plasmids?
|
transduction
|
|
|
what is transduction?
|
bacteriophage carries bact DNA from 1 cell to another
|
|
|
what is transformation?
|
free dna is taken up and transformed into host genome - can be chrom or plasmid
|
|
|
what is conjugation?
|
transfer dna from 1 to another - plasmids
|
|
|
name the macromolecules and monomers that make them
|
proteins aa
nucleic acids nucleotides polysaccharides monsaccharide lipds FA |
|
|
A cell can only grow if it makes _ ?
|
monomers
|
|
|
monomers are made from _ precursor metablolites?
glucose metabolism makes _ precursor metabolites? |
12
|
|
|
name the 12 precursor metabolites
|
g6p
f6p r5p e4p glycerald 3p 3pg pep pyruvate acetyl coa oaa a KG succinyl coa |
|
|
draw glycolysis EM and name the outputs inputs
|
1 glucose in - uses 2 atp, 2 nadh makes 4 atp, 2 pyruvate
|
|
|
draw tca and label outputs inputs
|
1 pyruvate = uses 2 co2 , 3 nadh, 1 fadh2 makes 1 atp
|
|
|
draw the hexose monophosphate shunt
|
uses 2 nadph
|
|
|
what are the outputs of ED
|
2 pyruvate made 1 atp made
|
|
|
what does the calvin cycle fix and what are the 2 steps?
|
CO2
carboxylation to add co2 to r15bp rearrangement to regenerate r15bp - the co2 acceptor mc |
|
|
what molecules does nitrogen assimilation use?
which is the most common? how is no3-2 and n2 incorporated? |
NH4,NO3-2 NITRATE, N2
incorporating Nh4 directly into org intermediates no3-2-reduced to nh4 then incorp into org inter n2-nitrogen fixation to NH3 then into org inter |
|
|
what molecules does sulfur assimilation use?
which is the most common? which is least? |
so4-2 sulfate and h2s from cysteine and methionine
so4-2 into s2-to org intermh2s-dirct source of h2-or intermed |
|
|
antibiotics work best on?
|
gram + bacteria actively growing
|
|
|
what is a living example in support of endosymbiotic theroy?
|
protozoa
|
|
|
what was the order or organisms in evolution?
|
bacteria and archaea occurred at the same time, eukaryotes occurred last
|
|
|
what is the correct order beginning from the outside of cell of molecules?
|
o poly, core poly, lipid A, peptidoglycan
|
|
|
homologous exchange plays an important role in ?
|
transduction, conjugatoin and transformation
|
|
|
what is an ester linkage and where is it found?
|
o-c=o bacteria cell membrane
|
|
|
what is an ether linkage and where is it found?
|
c-o-c archaeal cell membrane
|
|
|
which cycle makes the most co2?
|
TCA
|
|
|
a gene with an open reading frame codes for ?
|
protein and polyepeptide
|
|
|
what is the order of a bacterial gene that encodes a polypeptide?
|
-35, pribeaux box, transcription start, shine, start codon
|
|
|
what is the simplest form of transposon?
|
IS element
|
|
|
during transcription which of the following is transcribed into MRNA?
pribnow box TATA shine delgarno |
shine delgarno
|
|
|
during generalized transduction - what does not occur?
|
receipent cell does not lyse due to production of progeny phase
|
|
|
how are organims grouped into the tree of life?
|
by relatedness of 16s rna or 18s rna
|
|
|
which extracellular layers are made of polysacharide?
slime layer capsule sheath s layer |
slime layer and slayer (protein jacket)
|
|
|
which may be a virulance factor?
slime layer capsule sheath s layer |
capsule and s layer
|
|
|
which are produced by bacteria that glide?
slime layer capsule sheath s layer |
slime layer
|
|
|
which surround aquatic prok?
slime layer capsule sheath s layer |
sheath
|
|
|
which are the only layer external to come archae?
slime layer capsule sheath s layer |
s layer
|
|
|
bacteria morphology
which has a helix structure? vibrio spirocheate cocci mycelium bacillus |
spirocheate
|
|
|
which is the most commom morphology for unicellular prok?
vibrio spirocheate cocci mycelium bacillus |
bacillus
|
|
|
which is a multicellular form?
vibrio spirocheate cocci mycelium bacillus |
mycelium
|
|
|
which is flexible?
vibrio spirocheate cocci mycelium bacillus |
spirocheate
|
|
|
which has a bent rod shape?
vibrio spirocheate cocci mycelium bacillus |
vibrio
|
|
|
cell appendages
which are involved in conjugation? pili spinae flagella |
pili
|
|
|
which are made entirely of protein?
pili spinae flagella |
all
|
|
|
which are sometimes called fimbrie?
pili spinae flagella |
pili
|
|
|
which are made entirely of polysaccahride?
pili spinae flagella |
none
|
|
|
which are used for motility?
pili spinae flagella |
flagella
|
