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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
3 cellular elements of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
The difference between plasma and serum
Plasma has blood clotting factors
Plasma is __% by volume of blood

Plasma normal pH = ___

Plasma Composition = ___% water
60%, thus hematocrit (cell volume) = 40%

pH = 7.3-7.5

90%
Functions of blood:
-Transport of ______ and waste products including O2 and CO2 (*most important)
-Distribute effector molecules (hormones, vitamins, nutrients)
-____ regulation
-Acid-base, electrolyte, and water balance
-Protection against _______
-Hemostasis (stop a leak)
nutrients
heat
infection
Severely deficient in an element– decreased number of RBC in the blood
Anemia of Copper Deficiency
Major proteins of human plasma
Albumin and Globulins (alpha, beta gamma), some fibrinogen
Albumin is __% of total plasma protein
60
Albumin is an ________ plasma glycoprotein. (Carbohydrate chains sticking out allow it to be free)

Functions:
-Oncotic pressure (potential osmotic pressure)
-Transport of _______ materials
Acidic

Lipophilic/Hydrophobic
Which plasma protein migrates fastest in electrophoresis?
Albumin
Immunoglobulins are synthesized by B cells and ____

Plasma proteins are catabolized in ______. Half lives averaging 10 days
Liver

Liver
What is the relevance of these components?
1.Urea
2.Amino acids
3.Bilirubin
4.Creatinine
5.Uric acid
6.Carbohydrates (glucose, fructose)
7.Organic acids (citrate, lactate)
8. Lipids (lipoproteins:triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids)
Major organic components of plasma
Cations Anions
Na+ Cl-
Ca2+ HCO3-
K+ H2PO4-, HPO42-

Which are the 3 most important inorganic components of plasma?
Mg2+ SO42-
Na+ Cl- HCO3-
Removal of plasma proteins: dictated by ______ chains.
Sialic acid is at the end,
As soon as you remove sialic acid and expose _________– they are bound by receptors and removed from circulation
Sugar

Galactose
Which enzyme from tissues is present in the plasma following an MI
creatine kinase (CPK-MB) - see a peak in MB, MM stays the same

Also 2 proteins: myoglobin and troponin
Average lifespan of RBC
120 days
Components of RBC:
___% hemoglobin
___% water
Made in the ____ _______
32%
60%
bone marrow
RBC are missing 2 major organelles
nucleus
mitochondira
______ (immature RBC) has no nucleus, but DOES have mitochondria - can carry out synthesis and oxidative phosphoyrlation
Reticulocyte
The primary function of red blood cells is
the transport (via hemoglobin) of oxygen to other cells
_________ releases oxygen easier (Delivers O2 to tissues better) than __________
Hemoglobin
myoglobin
___________ is dependent on several factors: H+, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, covalent binding of CO2
Release of oxygen from hemoglobin
Bohr effect:
At any given PO2, Hb saturation with O2 will be ______ at a lower pH.
lower
2 forms of iron:
-____________ – Fe3+ always have some but too much leads to cardiac pb
- ___________ – Fe2+, binds O2
methemoglobin
hemoglobin
CO2 + H2O in the presence of carbonic anhydrase gives ______ ____ which then dissociates to give bicarbonate and a ______
Carbonic Acid
proton
In lungs, hemoglobin comes in ___________.
Bicarb combines with proton to make carbonic acid. Dissociates to ____ and H20
protonated
CO2
Anaerobic glycolysis (glucose catabolism) is modified for specialized functions:

-Production of ___ for ion transport and conformation
-Production of _____ for methemoglobin reduction (Fe3+ to Fe2+--Hb)
-Production of ____________ for O2 transport – modifies hemoglobin
ATP
NADH
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Pentose Phosphate pathway:
Production of NADPH for reduction of oxidized ________
Reduced _________ prevents hemolysis of RBC by reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water.
glutathione (GSSG)
glutatione (GSH)
Transport of glucose into RBC is via GLUT_ (insulin-_________)
GLUT-1
insulin-independent
Lactate- and H+ (products of glycolysis) are removed by:
MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter)
________ used to convert NADH back to NAD – VERY important since no mitochondria in mature RBC

Done by enzyme:
Pyruvate

Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the major complication of G-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
Problem with infectious disease (can’t make H202 because they can make superoxide)
Exlain how hemolytic anemia anemia works
Can’t make NADPH, unable to produce reduced glutathione, can’t get rid of H202, reacts with Fe, makes hydroxyl radical and lysis
Met-Hb – if too much you not only have cyonic color change, but massive Hb precipitate to ______ bodies
Heinz