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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 cellular elements of blood
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
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The difference between plasma and serum
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Plasma has blood clotting factors
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Plasma is __% by volume of blood
Plasma normal pH = ___ Plasma Composition = ___% water |
60%, thus hematocrit (cell volume) = 40%
pH = 7.3-7.5 90% |
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Functions of blood:
-Transport of ______ and waste products including O2 and CO2 (*most important) -Distribute effector molecules (hormones, vitamins, nutrients) -____ regulation -Acid-base, electrolyte, and water balance -Protection against _______ -Hemostasis (stop a leak) |
nutrients
heat infection |
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Severely deficient in an element– decreased number of RBC in the blood
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Anemia of Copper Deficiency
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Major proteins of human plasma
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Albumin and Globulins (alpha, beta gamma), some fibrinogen
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Albumin is __% of total plasma protein
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60
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Albumin is an ________ plasma glycoprotein. (Carbohydrate chains sticking out allow it to be free)
Functions: -Oncotic pressure (potential osmotic pressure) -Transport of _______ materials |
Acidic
Lipophilic/Hydrophobic |
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Which plasma protein migrates fastest in electrophoresis?
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Albumin
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Immunoglobulins are synthesized by B cells and ____
Plasma proteins are catabolized in ______. Half lives averaging 10 days |
Liver
Liver |
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What is the relevance of these components?
1.Urea 2.Amino acids 3.Bilirubin 4.Creatinine 5.Uric acid 6.Carbohydrates (glucose, fructose) 7.Organic acids (citrate, lactate) 8. Lipids (lipoproteins:triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) |
Major organic components of plasma
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Cations Anions
Na+ Cl- Ca2+ HCO3- K+ H2PO4-, HPO42- Which are the 3 most important inorganic components of plasma? Mg2+ SO42- |
Na+ Cl- HCO3-
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Removal of plasma proteins: dictated by ______ chains.
Sialic acid is at the end, As soon as you remove sialic acid and expose _________– they are bound by receptors and removed from circulation |
Sugar
Galactose |
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Which enzyme from tissues is present in the plasma following an MI
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creatine kinase (CPK-MB) - see a peak in MB, MM stays the same
Also 2 proteins: myoglobin and troponin |
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Average lifespan of RBC
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120 days
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Components of RBC:
___% hemoglobin ___% water Made in the ____ _______ |
32%
60% bone marrow |
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RBC are missing 2 major organelles
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nucleus
mitochondira |
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______ (immature RBC) has no nucleus, but DOES have mitochondria - can carry out synthesis and oxidative phosphoyrlation
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Reticulocyte
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The primary function of red blood cells is
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the transport (via hemoglobin) of oxygen to other cells
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_________ releases oxygen easier (Delivers O2 to tissues better) than __________
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Hemoglobin
myoglobin |
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___________ is dependent on several factors: H+, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, covalent binding of CO2
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Release of oxygen from hemoglobin
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Bohr effect:
At any given PO2, Hb saturation with O2 will be ______ at a lower pH. |
lower
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2 forms of iron:
-____________ – Fe3+ always have some but too much leads to cardiac pb - ___________ – Fe2+, binds O2 |
methemoglobin
hemoglobin |
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CO2 + H2O in the presence of carbonic anhydrase gives ______ ____ which then dissociates to give bicarbonate and a ______
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Carbonic Acid
proton |
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In lungs, hemoglobin comes in ___________.
Bicarb combines with proton to make carbonic acid. Dissociates to ____ and H20 |
protonated
CO2 |
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Anaerobic glycolysis (glucose catabolism) is modified for specialized functions:
-Production of ___ for ion transport and conformation -Production of _____ for methemoglobin reduction (Fe3+ to Fe2+--Hb) -Production of ____________ for O2 transport – modifies hemoglobin |
ATP
NADH 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
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Pentose Phosphate pathway:
Production of NADPH for reduction of oxidized ________ Reduced _________ prevents hemolysis of RBC by reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water. |
glutathione (GSSG)
glutatione (GSH) |
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Transport of glucose into RBC is via GLUT_ (insulin-_________)
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GLUT-1
insulin-independent |
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Lactate- and H+ (products of glycolysis) are removed by:
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MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter)
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________ used to convert NADH back to NAD – VERY important since no mitochondria in mature RBC
Done by enzyme: |
Pyruvate
Lactate dehydrogenase |
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What is the major complication of G-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
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Problem with infectious disease (can’t make H202 because they can make superoxide)
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Exlain how hemolytic anemia anemia works
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Can’t make NADPH, unable to produce reduced glutathione, can’t get rid of H202, reacts with Fe, makes hydroxyl radical and lysis
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Met-Hb – if too much you not only have cyonic color change, but massive Hb precipitate to ______ bodies
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Heinz
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