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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is unique about the human cerebral cortex compared to other terrestrial animals?
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Ours is the biggest relative to our total body size.
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Where is the most dramatic difference in the human cerebral cortex?
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In the area anterior to M1
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What 2 abilities set humans apart from other animals?
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-The ability to make certain types of movements, especially of our hands and mouths, to manipulate the world.
-Ability to plan movements far into the future |
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What happens to our sensory and motor processes when we perform real purposeful movements? Why?
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They blur - because of the continuous interaction of these systems.
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What are the 4 higher level motor areas?
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1. Premotor cortex
2. Supplementary motor area 3. Posterior parietal cortex 4. Prefrontal cortex |
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What is the premotor cortex in Brodmann's terms?
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Lateral part of Brodmann's area 6
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Where is the Supplementary motor area?
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In the medial part of Brodmann's area 6; on top of frontal cortex in front of primary motor cortex
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What is the primary motor cortex in brodmann's terms?
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Area 4
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What Brodmann's area is the Posterior Parietal Cortex? What gyri?
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Areas 5 and 7
-Supramarginal gyrus -Angular gyrus |
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What brodmann's area is the Prefrontal cortex in?
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Area 8
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2 methods for studying higher level motor area functions:
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-PET
-FMRI |
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In a PET study, what areas will lite up if you simply flex your finger?
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-M1 primary motor
-S1 primary sensory |
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What areas will lite up if you perform a finger movement sequence?
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M1 + S1 + SMA
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What areas will lite up if you only think about performing a finger movement sequence?
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Only SMA
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What does FMRI show when you flex your left finger?
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That only the right M1 and S1 light up
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What does FMRI show when you perform a finger movement pattern with your left finger?
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-Right M1/S1 light up
-BOTH bilateral SMAs light up! |
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What does FMRI show if you only imagine moving your right finger in a complex pattern?
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Only SMA lights up, but on both sides of the brain
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In the Alien Hand case, what did the patient suffer from?
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A right SMA and corpus callosum lesion
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Which hand was the alien hand?
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The left
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What made voluntary control of her left alien hand worse?
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Obstruction of the right visual hemifield
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What improved voluntary control of the limb?
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Bringing it into the right visual field
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What happened when tactile objects were placed in the left alien hand?
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It would grasp them, but the patient didn't voluntarily initiate the grasping.
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What happened over a period of 2-3 months after the stroke?
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The lady could control the hand through mental effort.
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What does M1 control?
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Contralateral distal limbs
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What does SMA control?
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-Bilateral proximal (shoulders)
-Bilateral distal (hands) via M1 |
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If SMA controls the distal limbs via M1, how is it that they're still bilaterally controlled?
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Via corpus callosum, each SMA talks to the other hemisphere
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What happens when there is unilateral damage to the right SMA?
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Voluntary Control of contralat distal limb will be less
Control of same side normal Some control of controlateral side via the corpus callosum |
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Why does all control feel like it's coming from the shoulder in a unilateral SMA lesion + CC damage?
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Because there is still bilateral control from the undamaged SMA to the proximal limb, but the distal limb is not getting SMA.
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What happens when there is Unilateral SMA damage PLUS Corpus callosum damage?
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The lateral premotor cortex takes over control of the contralateral distal limb, via M1
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What are the 4 responsibilities of the SMA?
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-Independent and coordinated control of the two hands
-Planning of motor activity -Developing a preparatory state -Programming and coordinating complex movements |
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What does the SMA have a critical role in?
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Our ability to act intentionally and voluntarily initiate motor activities
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What does the voluntary initiation of a motor act involve?
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Transmission of an instruction from SMA to M1
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What do we see from the alien hand situation?
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That the SMA has an important inhibitory role as well.
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What was the "Alien" in the alien hand situation?
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Lateral Premotor Cortex
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What do we see that Lateral Premotor Cortex is responsible for?
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-Movements of exploration and grasping driven by tactile or visual stimulation
-Responsive actions triggered by environmental stimuli for a particular response |
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What controls disgusting unintentional acts like scratching and nose blowing and picking pimples unconsciously?
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Lateral premotor cortex
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2 additional things controlled by the lateral premotor cortex:
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-Registering/recognizing and assessing external stimuli to initiate appropriate responses
-Set related activities |
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What is the Posterior Parietal Lobe's involvement in motor systems?
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-Coordinates spatial relationships among objects
-Visual info for targeted movements |
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What does the posterior parietal lobe send output to?
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-Premotor cortex
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What does the posterior parietal lobe receive input from?
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-Visual cortex
-Somatosensory -Vestibular system -Motor and premotor -Limbic and cingulate cortexes |
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What does the posterior parietal lobe recieve input from the motor and premotor areas about?
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Motor plans
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What does the posterior parietal lobe recieve input from the limbic and cingulate cortices about?
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Motivational state
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What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
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Long term plans
-Initiation -Selection -guidance of behavior |
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Test for determining if the Prefrontal cortex was lesioned:
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Card sort test
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What would indicate a lesion of the Prefrontal cortex?
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Inability to switch method of sorting (blacks vs reds to jacks vs nonjacks)
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