Program 15 Study Guide

Front 1

Lateral Folds

Back 1

1)      fusion of these close off the abdominal cavity

Front 2

Pericardioperitoneal Canal

Back 2

1)      - This is an open system that separates the pericardial and peritoneal cavities.

Front 3

Dorsal Mesentery

Back 3

serves as a pathway for the arteries supplying the developing gut

Front 4

Ventral Mesentery

Back 4

1)      The cephalic portion of the septum takes part in the formation of the diaphragm, while the caudal portion into which the liver grows form the ventral mesentery

Front 5

Transverse septum (septum Transversum)

Back 5

1)      will develop into one of the major components of the diaphragm. On top of that the transverse septum separates the peritoneal cavity and peripleural cavity and they both will end up with their own component of the septum.

Front 6

Pleuropericardial membrane

Back 6

1)      membrane that separates the pleural canal from the pericardial and peritoneal cavities.

Front 7

Pleural Cavity

Back 7

where the lungs develop.

Front 8

Pericardial Cavity

Back 8

1)      - the heart develops here

Front 9

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 9

the gut develops here

Front 10

Diaphragm

Back 10

1)      formed by the fusion of the esophageal and peritoneal membranes. This fusion lays down the format for the diaphragm in the sixth week. Then the final adaption is from the costal walls to give the final components to the diaphragm. This will then separate the visceral and abdominal cavities.

Front 11

Phrenic Nerve

Back 11

1)      is brought in when the peuropericardial (separates the heart from the lungs) membrane is formed. This is why the phrenic nerve is associated with the diaphragm

Front 12

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Back 12

1)      - comparatively common occurs in 1 in 2000 births. This is a defective fusion of parts of the diaphragm. It usually is unilateral occurring on the left side 5 times more often. Deals with the diaphragm not sealing by the time the intestines return. This will cause abdominal organs to be displaced into the thorax. Also maybe hypoplastic lung( a proper lung may never form), displacement of the heart to the right, respiratory and cardiac compromise.

Front 13

Eventration of diaphragm

Back 13

1)      A rare condition that deals with a defective diaphragmatic musculature (ballooning into thoracic cavity). The symptoms are similar to diaphragmatic hernia.

Front 14

Congenital epigastric hernia

Back 14

1)      - A rare condition that deals with the failure of fusion of the lateral folds at the midline. This lack of fusion could lead to the intestines ending up on the outside of the body.

Front 15

Congenital Hiatal Hernia

Back 15

1)      - A rare condition that deals with the herniation of stomach through esophageal hiatus.

Front 16

Congenital Pericardial Defect

Back 16

1)      rare condition that deals with the defective formation and/or fusion of the pleuropericardial membrane.(Leads to rubbing or neither working)

Front 17

Epidermis

Back 17

basal layer that is surface ectoderm

Front 18

Dermis

Back 18

basal layer that is surface mesoderm

Front 19

Melanocytes

Back 19

1)      Produces skin color. The color depends on the number of cells that migrate in and the amount of melonine that can be produced.

Front 20

Ichthyosis

Back 20

1)      (disorder of keratinization)- Genetic disorder that produces thick and stuck together skin cells that look like fish scales.

Front 21

Harlequin baby

Back 21

1)      - It deals with the thickening of the keratin layer of skin in a developing fetus. The skin contains massive, diamond-shaped scales, and tends to have a reddish color. This skin greatly limits the child’s movement. The fetus usually doesn’t live past first week.

Front 22

Collodion Baby

Back 22

1)      Thick taut membrane that sluffs off. Some babies are born with this and they resemble strawberries.

Front 23

Lamellar Ichtyosis

Back 23

1)      thick lamellar scaling that persists. Way of normal hair follicle and sweat glands.

Front 24

Nervous Flammeus

Back 24

1)      is a birthmark on the back of the neck that consists of superficial and deep dilated capillaries.

Front 25

Hemangioma

Back 25

1)      benign self-involuting tumor of endothelial cells. In most cases it appears during the first days of life.

Front 26

Albinism

Back 26

is a single enzymatic single gene disorder where the infant doesn’t have the ability to produce melanin pigment

Front 27

Plebaldism

Back 27

They are patches on the skin that lack pigmentation.

Front 28

Hair Bulb

Back 28

1)      hair bulbs are formed when the hair buds become club shaped. The bulb also constitutes the germinal matrix which later produces hair.

Front 29

Arrector pili muscle

Back 29

these are tiny muscle fibers attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps.

Front 30

Congenital alopecia

Back 30

1)      a rare inherited form of reduced or absent of scalp hair from infancy. It is normally x-linked and affects males.

Front 31

Pili torti

Back 31

the hair is usually twisted and bent

Front 32

Sebaceous gland

Back 32

developed as buds from the sides of developing epithelial root sheaths of hair follicles. The glandular glands grow into the surrounding connective tissue and branch to form the primordial of several alveoli and their associated ducts.

Front 33

Sebum

Back 33

1)      - is secreted from the sebaceous gland

Front 34

Sweat gland

Back 34

1)      - exocrine gland, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation.

Front 35

Hirsutism

Back 35

1)      excessive and increased hair growth on female humans in location where the occurrence of terminal hair normally is minimal or absent. (example, a beard or chest hair)

Front 36

Nail Fields

Back 36

1)      - the primordial of the nail appears as thickened area or nail fields. Then later the nail fields migrate onto the dorsal surface, carrying innervations from the ventral surface.

Front 37

Nail Folds

Back 37

1)      surround the nail fields laterally and proximally by folds of epidermis.

Front 38

Eponychium

Back 38

a narrow band of epidermis that covers the developing nail

Front 39

Anonychia

Back 39

1)      a rare anomaly where a person is born without nails

Front 40

Mammary Ridges

Back 40

1)      extended for the upper limbs to the lower limbs. They usually give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult.

Front 41

Athelia

Back 41

1)      lack of develop of the nipple

Front 42

Polythelia

Back 42

1)      an additional nipple occurring in mammals

Front 43

Polymastia

Back 43

may refer to accessory breasts

Front 44

Inverted Nipple

Back 44

1)      a nipple that is retracted into the breast instead of pointing outward

Front 45

Primary Dentition

Back 45

1)      are our baby teeth

Front 46

Secondary Dentition

Back 46

Adult teeth that appear after childhood

Front 47

Dental Lamina

Back 47

1)      - This is the first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane.

Front 48

Dentin

Back 48

1)      calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth.

Front 49

Dental papilla

Back 49

1)      appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life and will give rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth

Front 50

Tooth Eruption

Back 50

1)      this is when the teeth enter the mouth and become visible. The teeth eruption occurs around 6 months until 2 years of age.

Front 51

Root Canal

Back 51

1)      space within the root of a tooth.

Front 52

Periodontal Ligament

Back 52

1)      specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits. These fibers help the tooth with stand the naturally substantial compressive forces which occur during chewing.

Front 53

Delayed Eruption

Back 53

need answer

Front 54

Natal Teeth

Back 54

1)      - the earliest form of teeth break thru during fetal develop so the infant is actually born with teeth

Front 55

Enamel Hyperplasia

Back 55

defect in the teeth in which the tooth enamel is hard but thin and deficient in amount. So weak teeth are formed.

Front 56

Macrodontia

Back 56

1)      abnormally large teeth

Front 57

Microdontia

Back 57

- abnormally small teeth

Front 58

Dentigerous cyst

Back 58

1)      Teeth never actually erupt and grow into the jaw. Have to be surgically removed

Front 59

Amelogenesis imperfect

Back 59

1)      - abnormal formation of the enamel or external layer of teeth. Actually leads to yellow, brown, or grey teeth

Front 60

Dentinogenesis imperfect

Back 60

1)      this condition causes the teeth to be discolored and often translucent.

Front 61

Describe the development and approximate time of completion of the following abdominal body wall

Back 61

around the 3rd week of development the embryonic body cavity is formed and divided into three cavities, the pericardial cavity, the peritoneal cavity and the two pericardioperitoneal canals. The abdominal cavity arises from the peritoneal cavity. This cavity is connected with the extraembryonic coelom at the umbilicus and loses its connection during the 10th week of development as the intestines return to the abdomen. The dorsal and ventral mesenteries divide the cavity into right and left halves. The ventral mesentery disappears leaving only an attachment to the caudal part of the foregut and the peritoneal cavity becomes a continuous space. The arteries supplying the gut pass b/t the layers of the dorsal mesentery.
Dr. Wright did not specifically state anything about the abdominal cavity..this is coming from what he talked about with the peritoneal cavity and stuff from the text. He wasn’t very definitive about each cavity..so here is what he said in class and what I found in the book. b. pleural cavity: c. pericardial cavity:
Somites are the basis of formation of the segments of the body. The cavities of the body develop from the intraembryonic coelom. By the end of the third week we have started to form the beginning of the body cavities. This process brings the mesodermal layers into the body and become the linings. The dorsal and ventral mesentaries hold the mid and hind gut in place and with all of the mesentaries they bring in smaller blood vessels that will eventually supply the mid and hind gut. The liver is the earliest organ to develop and is the fastest developing organ.
By the end of the 4th week we start to see the development of organs within the different cavities..this phase is called the organogenetic period of development. The dorsal mesencardium holds the heart in place. The larynogotrachial diverticulum develops into the larynx and trachea and forms the lungs. The septum transversum moves up to help separate the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity. The common cardinal vein grows up into what will be the head and as the embryo grows, pulls the vasculature structures up with them.
The pleuropericardial membrane starts to form to separate the lungs from the heart. This membrane has to grow and fuse together and will eventually separate the lung and heart cavities.
Pg. 146-151 in text

Front 62

Describe the development and approximate time of completion of the following diaphragm

Back 62

develops from four structures, the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery of esophagus and muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls. The septum transversum grows dorsally from the ventrolateral body wall and forms a semicircular shelf which seperates the heart from the liver. This is first seen after the 3rd week. During the 4th week the septum transversum moves up to help separate out cavities. After this the septum transversum starts to form a thick incomplete partition b/t the pericardial and abdominal cavities. The large openings on either side of this are called the pericardioperitoneal canals. Septum transversum now expands and fuses with the dorsal mesentery of esophagus and pleuroperitoneal membranes. The pleuroperitoneal membranes fuse with the dorsal mesentery of esophagus and completes the partition b/t thoracic and abdominal cavities and forms the primordial diaphragm. During the 9th-12th weeks the body wall tissue splits into two layers and the internal layer becomes the peripheral parts of the diaphragm. Pg. 151-153 in text

Front 63

Explain why the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium are innervated by the phrenic nerve which arises from the cervical ganglia

Back 63

During the 5th week myoblasts from somites migrate into the developing diaphragm bringing their nerve fibers with them. The phrenic nerves supply motor and sensory innervations to the diaphragm. Rapid growth of the dorsal part of the embryos body results in an apparent descent of the diaphragm. By the 6th week the developing diaphragm is at the level of the thorasic somites and the phrenic nerve has to descend. As the diaphragm appears relatively farther caudally in the body the nerves are correspondingly lengthened. By the beginning of the 8th week the dorsal part of the diaphragm lies at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. The phrenic nerves in the embryo enter the diaphragm by passing through the pleuropericardial membranes. This explains why the phrenic nervces subsequently lie on the fibrous pericardium which is the adult derivative of the pleuropericardial membranes. Pg 152-153 in text.

Front 64

Identify the developmental abnormalities that produce the following conditions: eventration of diaphragm

Back 64

occurs when half of the diaphragm has defective musculature and balloons into the thoracic cavity as a membranous sheet and forms a diaphragmatic pouch. This displaces abdominal viscera superiorly into the diaphragmatic pocket. This usually results from failure of muscular tissue from the body wall to extend into the pleuroperitoneal membrane on the affected side. This is not a TRUE HERNIA . This is a superiorly displaced abdominal viscera. Has clinically manifestations similar to congential diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Front 65

Identify the developmental abnormalities that produce the following conditions: congenital epigastic hernia

Back 65

occurs in the medial plane b/t the xiphoid process and umbilicus. Results from failure of the lateral body folds to fuse completely when forming the anterior abdominal wall during folding in the 4th week. Small intestine herniates into the amniotic cavity.

Front 66

Identify the developmental abnormalities that produce the following conditions: conginital pericardial defects

Back 66

occurs when there is a defective formation and or fusion of pleuropericardial membranes. Either the canals do not close or there is a complete separation b/t the pericardial chamber from the pleural chamber. Very rare.

Front 67

Identify the developmental abnormalities that produce the following conditions: conginital diaphragmatic hernia

Back 67

This is herniation of the abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity. Life threatening breathing difficulties may occur due to the inhibition of development and inflation of the lungs. This is the most common cause of pulmonary hypoplasia and can delay fetal lung maturation. Chromosome region is said to be 15q26.

Front 68

Describe the stages in the development of the skin

Back 68

: the skin develops from two different germ layers. The surface ectoderm becomes the epidermal layer and the surface mesoderm becomes the dermal layer. These both stem from mesenchymal tissue. This forms periderm and the cells of this undergo keratinization and desquamation and are replaced by cells arising from the basal layer. The neural crest cells differentiate into melanoblasts that migrate into the skin and make melanin, which produces the pigmentation of the skin.

Front 69

Describe the stages in the development of the epidermal ridges

Back 69

the basal layer of the epidermis becomes the stratum germinativum which produces new cells that are displaced into the more superficial layers. By week 11 the cells from the stratum germinativum have formed an intermediate layer. Replacement of peridermal cells continues until approx the 21st week. After this the periderm disappears and the stratum corenum forms. Proliferation of cells in the stratum germinatvum also forms epidermal ridges whiche extend into the developing dermis. These ridges begin to appear in embryos at ten weeks and are permanently established by week 17. These ridges produce grooves on the surface of the palms and the soles including the digits.

Front 70

Describe the stages in the development of the skim pigmentation

Back 70

late in embryonic development neural crest cells migrate into the mesenchyme of the developing dermis and differentiate into melanoblasts. Later these cells migrate to the dermoepidermal junction and differentiate into melanocytes. The differentiation of melanoblasts into melanocytes involves the formation of pigment granules. Melanocytes develop around 40-50 days and immediately after the migration of neural crest cells.

Front 71

Identify the problem in the following developmental disorder: ichthyosis

Back 71

general term that is used to define a group of skin disorders that results from extra keratinization. Characterized by dry skin and fishlike scaling. May involve entire body surface. Harlequin fetus results from a rare keratinizing disorder that is inherited as an autosome recessive trait. The skin is thickened, ridged and cracked. Most infants die during the first week of life from this disorder.

Front 72

Identify the problem in the following developmental disorder: angiomas

Back 72

are vascular angiomas of the skin and are defects in which some transitory and/or surplus primitive blood or lymphatic vessels persist. The angiomas can consist mainly of a mixed type b/t lymph and blood vessels. Angiomas composed of lymphatics are called cystic lymphangiomas or cystic hygromas. True angiomas are benign tumors of endothelial cells and are usually composed of hollow tubes. Port wine stain hermangioma is a large darker angioma that is usally presented on the anterior or lateral portion of the face and neck.

Front 73

Identify the problem in the following developmental disorder: albinism

Back 73

generalized albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. Occurs when the skin, hair and retina lack pigment. Occurs when the melanocytes fail to produce melanin b/c of the lack of the enzyme tyrosinase. In localized albinism (piebaldism) an autosomal dominant trait, there is a lack of melanin in patches of the skin or hair.

Front 74

. Describe the development of hair

Back 74

hair begins to develop in the stratum germinativum and starts as a hairbud that grows into dermal layers and brings the outer surface of ectoderm down into the bud. The bud is still a solid filled space with mesenchymal tissue. These also go to the base of the developing hair bud which signal development of papilla. This grows up into the bulb. These cells now can make hair. The hair grows up and out and as it does so it opens the hair shaft canal. Pg. 447 in text

Front 75

. Describe the development of sebeccous glands

Back 75

these form before the hair does and produce sebum. These glands develop on their own from the bulb and come from the same cells as the hair (stratum germainativum)

Front 76

. Describe the development of sweat glands

Back 76

these start from mesenchymal tissues and forms a cylindrical downgrowth of tissues that develops a lumen and begins to coil. This opens up to produce ducts with a pore through to the skin. These are smooth muscles that contract and force fluid/sweat up to the surface of the body. These cells are necessary for sweat.

Front 77

Describe the development of finger and toenails.

Back 77

The development of nails begins early on. The nail field is first formed and then develops into the nail fold and finally lays down the nail plate. The nail plate produces a product (dr. wright didn’t name what said “product” was) which overgrows and forms the nail bed. The way the nail field forms determines if you get any nail at all. Pg. 448 in text

Front 78

How is nail length used to identify prematurity

Back 78

Nails that have not reached the tips of the digits at birth indicate prematurity. Pg. 448 in text

Front 79

What controls secondary hair growth.

Back 79

Dr. Wright didn’t talk about this at all…he talked about subsequent development of hair..but not secondary hair which I guess he would mean hair that forms during puberty. So..here is what he said in class about subsequent development:
Mesenchymal cells surround the hair shaft and recruit erector pilli muscles. These muscles hold the hair in place and make hair stand on end when cold.

Front 80

Describe the primary development of the mammary glands.

Back 80

Primary mammary glands start to develop from the outersurface of the body and work their way inward. Mammary ridge runs the length of the body on either side and follows the lateral ridges. Along the mammary ridge grows a primary bud. This is the beginning of the mammary gland. As it grows it develops secondary buds and mammary pit migrates inward to a canal system. (this all comes from mesenchyme) Lacterfious ducts form and incorporate themselves in the buds. These form around the base and lacterfious ducts open. Tissue around the mammary pit overgrows and forms areola. Pg. 444 in text.

Front 81

Describe the secondary mammary gland development in females.

Back 81

When neonate is born, nipples are depressed inwardly. The development of areola around puberty is what pushed the nipple outwards. In the female by late adolescent syou have the laying down of the ductal system. Then tissue develops around the lactiferous ducts and breast begins to form.

Front 82

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? Polythelia

Back 82

extra nipple. Occurs in approx 1% of female population. This is an inheritable condition. An extra breast (polymastia) or nipple usually develops just inferior to the normal one. They develop from extra mammary buds that develop along the mammary crests. They usually become more obvious in women when pregnancy occurs.

Front 83

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? amastia

Back 83

(absence of breasts) can occur bilaterally or unilaterally. Results from failure of development or disappearance of the mammary crests. May also result from failure of mammary buds to form.

Front 84

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? Breast aplasia

Back 84

lack of endocrine stimulated laying down of tissues during puberty. No development of breasts.

Front 85

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? . inverted nipples

Back 85

nipples fail to elevate during development

Front 86

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? Anonychia

Back 86

absence of the nails. Very rare. Results from failure of nail fields to form or from failure of the proximal nail folds to form nail plates. This is permanent. May be associated with congenital absence or extremely poor development of hairs and with abnormalities of the teeth. May be restricted to one or more nails of the digits of the hands/feet.

Front 87

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? Hypertrichosis

Back 87

excesisive hariness. Results from the development of supernumerary hair follicles or from the persistence of lanugo hairs that normally disappear during the perinatal period. May be localized or diffused. Localized hypertrichosis is often associated with spina bifida.

Front 88

What is the basis of the following development disorders in surface structures? gynecomastia:

Back 88

man boobs. Refers to the development of the rudimentary lactiferous ducts in the male mammary tissue. During midpuberty approx two thirds of boys develop varying degrees of hyperplasia of the breasts. This subareolar hyperplasia may persist for a few months to 2 years. A decreased ratio of testerone to estradiol is found in boys with this. 80% of males with klinefelter syndrome have this disorder and it is associated with an XXY chromosome complement.

Front 89

Why do your palms sweat when you are nervous?

Back 89

Our palms sweat b/c of the flight or fight response from the nervous system. He didn’t say anything about this in class…so I am not really sure why its in the study guide..but here is what I got from the book and the internet:
When we start feeling scared, nervous, anxious, embarrassed or angry, our brain gets the central nervous system on high alert. Our bodies are getting ready to execute one of two instinctual choices: fight or flight? It's the fight or flight response that gets those sweat glands in over drive. It also gets our hearts beating faster and our lungs breathing deeper.
the response of the sympathetic nervous system to a stressful event, preparing the body to fight or flee, associated with the adrenal secretion of epinephrine and characterized by increased heart rate, increased blood flow to the brain and muscles, raised sugar levels, sweaty palms and soles, dilated pupils, and erect hairs.

Front 90

Describe the development of primary and secondary dentition and tooth eruption.

Back 90

The development of teeth come from the oral epitheal tissue. The oral epitheal comes from mesenchymal tissue and forms the dental lamina which will from the tooth bud. AS it develops it aquires the enamel organ and forms a dental papilla around week 8. At the 10th week we have recruited cells that invade the bulb and get a inner and outer epitheal enamel within the dental papilla. The bud is formed for the permanent tooth and comes from the dental lamina and grows downward. Around wk 28 the tooth is in place, dental lamina disappears and perment tooth bud miagrates up to the gum. At 6 months of age the baby teeth (deciduous) erupt. At 18 months teeth are completely in place.
For secondary development..he didn’t say much..there is a chart in the notes that just states what teeth fall out first. He pretty much read straight from this chart.

Front 91

tooth eruption times

Back 91

Tooth Eruption time Shedding time
Medial incisor (baby teeth) 6-8 mo 6-7yr
Lateral incisor (baby teeth) 8-10mo 7-8 yr
Canine (baby teeth) 16-20 mo 10-12yr
First molar 12-16mo 9-11 yr
Second molar 20-24mo 10-12yr
Medial incisor (permanent) 7-8yr
Lateral incisor 8-9yr
Canine 10-12yr
First premolar 10-11yr
Second premolar 11-12yr
First molar 6-7yr
Second molar 12yr
Third molar 13-25yr

Front 92

What is the basis of the following dental abnormalities: a. failure to form permanent tooth
b. enamel pitting and fissures
d. hyperdontia

Back 92

need answers

Front 93

What is the basis of the following dental abnormalities: fused teeth

Back 93

can occur when the deciduous teeth and permanent teeth develop and fuse together.

Front 94

What is the basis of the following dental abnormalities: dentigerous cyst

Back 94

tooth forms in bone structure of the jaw and gets trappd.

Front 95

What is the basis of the following dental abnormalities: amelogenesis imperfect

Back 95

abnormal formation of the enamel. The outer layers of the tooth do not develop.

Front 96

What is the basis of the following dental abnormalities: teeth discolored at birth

Back 96

teeth look gray or black. Can occur from amelogenesis imperfect or he stated that tetracycline can harvest itself it the prenatal tooth during development and can discolor it and weaken the tooth.