Prof. Holderbaums Micro Class Ch. 2 Chemistry Of Biology

Front 1

___ are the basic unit of all matter.

Back 1

Atoms

Front 2

A single type of atom comprises an ____.

Back 2

element

Front 3

Protons are ___ charged.

Back 3

positively

Front 4

Neutrons are ____ charged.

Back 4

neither + nor -

Front 5

Electrons are ____ charged.

Back 5

negatively

Front 6

The number of protons and electrons in an atom must be ___ so that the atom has no electrical charge.

Back 6

equal

Front 7

The number of protons plus neutrons in the atomic nucleus yields its ____.

Back 7

atomic weight ( or atomic mass)

Front 8

The ____ is important in the chemical characteristics of elements.

Back 8

atomic number

Front 9

The first shell of an element can hold __ electrons, the second __ and the third __.

Back 9

2;8;8

Front 10

___ are formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

Back 10

Covalent bonds

Front 11

___covalent bonds have no electrical charge.

Back 11

Non-polar

Front 12

___ covalent bonds have a charge at one end.

Back 12

Polar

Front 13

An ___ is the complete donation of electrons from atoms that are usually at opposite ends of the periodic table.

Back 13

ionic bond

Hint 13

Ex: NaCl

Front 14

___ forms when the relative positive and negative covalent bonds in two molecules have an attraction toward each other.

Back 14

Hydrogen bonds

Front 15

In a chemical reaction the left side is called the ___ and the left is called the ____.

Back 15

reactants; products

Front 16

Acids are substances that dissociate into one or more __ ions.

Back 16

H+

Front 17

___ are long chained fatty acids combined with glycerol.

Back 17

Fats

Front 18

____ are the basis for hormones and cholesterol.

Back 18

Steroids

Front 19

The basic structural element of a carbohydrate is the ____.

Back 19

monosaccharide

Front 20

Common polysaccharides are ___ found in plants.

Back 20

cellulose

Hint 20

paper is cellulose

Front 21

The basic structural element of proteins are ____.

Back 21

amino acids

Front 22

Amino acids are combined through a dehydration process to form a ___.

Back 22

peptide bond

Hint 22

proteins are polypeptides

Front 23

True/False
Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, provide the genetic instructions for reproduction and for making the proteins required for life.

Back 23

True

Front 24

____ are composed of
.a phosphate group
.ribose sugar
.base

Back 24

nucleotides

Front 25

___ are atoms of an element that differ only in the numbers of neutrons they contain.

Back 25

Isotopes

Front 26

A common type of decomposition reaction is ____.

Back 26

hydrolysis

Front 27

____ are opposite of synthesis reactions in that they break bonds within larger reactants to form smaller atoms, ions and molecules.

Back 27

Decomposition reactions

Front 28

____ trap energy within new molecular bonds.

Back 28

Endothermic reactions

Front 29

In ___ two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is removed from the reactants.

Back 29

dehydration synthesis

Front 30

Reactions that release energy are called ____.

Back 30

exothermic

Front 31

___ chemicals lack carbon.

Back 31

Inorganic

Front 32

___ contain two fatty acid chains and a phosphate functional group.

Back 32

Phospholipids

Hint 32

fatty acid tail is nonpolar and hydrophobic, and the phospholipid head is polar and hydrophilic

Front 33

Which element has the greatest number of protons in its nucleus?
a. Carbon-12
b. Carbon-13
c. Carbon-14

Back 33

All have the same number of protons

Front 34

A non-polar covalent bond shared electrons ___ between atoms.

Back 34

equally

Front 35

Salts are held together by what types of bonds?

Back 35

Ionic bonds

Front 36

Lemon juice, with a pH of 2, contains how many more hydrogen atoms than milk with a pH of 6?

Back 36

10,000 times more

Front 37

Lipids are composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together by ____.

Back 37

non-polar covalent bonds

Front 38

The cell walls of bacteria are made out of what materials?

Back 38

polysaccharides and amino acids

Front 39

The most abundant polysaccharide on earth is ___.

Back 39

cellulose

Front 40

The atomic number of an element corresponds to the number of ___ in its nucleus.

Back 40

electrons

Front 41

Chemical bonds form between two or more ___ to create a ___.

Back 41

atoms;molecule

Front 42

Acids characteristically dissociate to release ___ ions. Bases dissociate to release ___ ions.

Back 42

hydrogen H+; hydroxyl OH-

Front 43

Phospholipids form membranes by orienting their ___ head groups toward the water environment and their ___ tails away from the water.

Back 43

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Front 44

Covalent bonds formed between amino acids in a protein are called ___ bonds. Other bonds, mostly ____ bonds, help to hold the protein in its tertiary forms.

Back 44

peptide; hydrogen

Front 45

The key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes...

Back 45

lack a nucleus

Front 46

Which of the following is NOT an external structure found in prokaryotes?
a. cilia
b. pilli
c. cilia
d. fimbriae

Back 46

flagella

Front 47

Removal of glycocalyx from a prokaryotic cell would result in the cell:

Back 47

drying out, becoming unable to attach to surfaces, being recongized by the immune system

Front 48

Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of ___.

Back 48

bacteria

Front 49

The glycan portion of peptidoglycan is composed of alternating units of ___ and ___.

Back 49

NAG; NAM

Front 50

The toxic part of a gram-negative cell wall corresponds to ____ which, along with sugar, forms this larger molecule ____.

Back 50

lipopolysaccharide; lipid A

Front 51

If a hypertonic solution is outside the cytoplasmic membrane, water will move ___ of the cell causing the cell to ___.

Back 51

out; shrink

Front 52

Overall, the prokaryotic ribosome is __, even though the individual subunits of __ and ___ don't add up to this.

Back 52

70S; 30S; 50S

Front 53

Membrane fluidity in eukaryotes are facilitated by sterols such as ___.

Back 53

cholesterol