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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Absolute risk reduction
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The absolute arithmetic difference in rates of bad outcomes between experimental and control participants in a trial.
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Case control study
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a study which involves identifying patients who have the outcome of interest (cases) and control patients without the same outcome, and looking back to see if they had the exposure of interest
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Cohort study
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Researchers (investigators) follow one or more groups of individuals with the target disorder over time and monitor for occurrence of the outcome of interest
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Confidence interval
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Quantifies the uncertainty in measurement. It is usually reported as 95% CI, which is the range of values within which we can be 95% sure that the true value for the whole population lies. For example, for an NNT of 10 with a 95% CI of 5–15, we would have 95% confidence that the true NNT value lies between 5 and 15.
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Intention to treat analysis
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All patients randomly assigned to one of the treatments are analyzed together, regardless of whether or not they completed or received that treatment, in order to preserve randomization.
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NNT
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The number of patients who need to be treated to achieve one additional favorable outcome, calculated as 1/ARR and accompanied by a 95% CI.
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P value
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likelihood that the results of a study are due to random chance.
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Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
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Participants are randomly allocated into an experimental group or a control group and followed over time for the variables/outcomes of interest.
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Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
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The proportional reduction in rates of bad outcomes between experimental and control participants in a trial
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Sensitivity
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The probability of testing positive given that the patient has the disease.
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Specificity
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-the probability of testing negative given the patient does not have the disease.
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Systematic Review
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A summary of the clinical literature that uses explicit methods to perform a comprehensive literature search and critical appraisal of individual studies and that may use appropriate statistical techniques to combine these valid studies when appropriate. The statistical technique for pooling studies is called a meta-analysis.
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Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
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Years the patient is expected to live, where a year in a higher-quality health state contributes more to the outcome than a year in a poor-quality health state
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The “PICO” format
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P = Patient, Population, Predicament, Problem
I = Intervention, exposure, test or other agent C = Comparison intervention, exposure, test, etc. (if relevant) O = Outcomes of clinical importance (including time, when relevant |
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Confounders
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an extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation
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Dechallenge-rechallenge study
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a test to determine if the adverse outcome decreases or disappears when treatment is withdrawn and worsen or reappears when reintroduced.
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