Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
amylase and lipase tests |
tests for the levels of amylase and lipase in blood, increased levels are associated with pancreatitis |
|
|
liver function tests (LFTs) |
tests for presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood |
|
|
ALT and AST |
alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase are enzymes that may be elevated in patients with liver disease |
|
|
direct bilirubin |
measures conjugated bilirubin |
|
|
indirect bilirubin |
measures unconjugated bilirubin |
|
|
stool culture |
test for microorganisms present in feces |
|
|
stool guaiac test |
Hemoccult test, detect hidden blood in feces |
|
|
barium enema |
X-ray images of colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into rectum |
|
|
barium swallow |
study of esophagus |
|
|
upper GI series |
X-ray images of esophagus, stomach, and small intestines obtained after barium by mouth |
|
|
small bowel follow-through |
sequential x-rays of small intestine as barium passes though |
|
|
cholangiography |
x-ray exam of biliary system after injection of contrast into bile ducts |
|
|
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography |
contrast is injected into liver through abdominal wall |
|
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
contrast is administered through oral catheter |
|
|
computed tomography (CT) |
a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross sections) |
|
|
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) |
endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine GI organs |
|
|
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body |
|
|
HIDA (hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid) scan |
radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder into the intestine |
|
|
gastric bypass |
reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum |
|
|
gastrointestinal endoscopy |
visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope (several different kinds) |
|
|
laparascopy |
visual (endoscopic) exam of the abdomen with a laproscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen |
|
|
nasogastric intubation |
insertion of a tube though the nose through the stomach |
|
|
paracentesis or abdominocentesis |
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen |
|
|
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
measurement of urea levels in blood |
|
|
creatinine clearance |
measurement of rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney |
|
|
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) |
x-ray without contrast of kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
|
|
renal angiography |
x-ray exam with contrast of blood vessels of the kidney |
|
|
retrograde pyelogram (RP) |
x-ray of renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through urinary catheter |
|
|
voiding cystouresthrogram |
x-ray image with contrast of urinary bladder and urethra obtained while patient is voiding |
|
|
radioisotope scan |
image of kidney after injecting a radioactive substance into bloodstream |
|
|
cystoscopy |
direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with and endoscope |
|
|
hemodialysis (HD) |
artificial kidney machine filters patient's blood through artificial porous membrane (DIALYZER) and returns dialyzed blood to patient |
|
|
arteriovenous fistula |
communication between artery and vein; access point for hemodialysis |
|
|
peritoneal dialysis (PD) |
uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity; fluid draws waste from bloodstream and is then drained |
|
|
lithotripsy |
urinary tract stones are crushed |
|
|
renal angioplasty |
dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries |
|
|
renal biopsy |
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination |
|
|
Pap smear |
microscopic exam of stained cells removed from vagina and cervix |
|
|
hysterosalpingography (HSG) |
x-ray imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes with contrast |
|
|
mammography |
x-ray imaging of breast |
|
|
aspiration |
withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with instrument using suction |
|
|
cauterization |
destruction of tissue by burning |
|
|
colposcopy |
visual exam of vagina and cervix using a colposcope |
|
|
conization |
removal of cone-shaped section of cervix |
|
|
cryosurgery |
use of cold tissues to destroy tissue |
|
|
culdocentesis |
needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac |
|
|
dilation and curettage |
widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus |
|
|
exenteration |
removal of internal organs within a cavity |
|
|
tubal ligation |
blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization |
|
|
chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis |
|
|
pelvimetry |
measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis |
|
|
PSA test |
measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood; elevated levels may be a sign of prostate cancer |
|
|
semen analysis |
microscopic exam of ejaculated fluid; examine motility and shape |
|
|
digital rectal exam (DRE) |
finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland |
|
|
photoselective vaporization of the prostate |
removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using green light laser |
|
|
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) |
excision of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra |
|
|
cerebral angiography |
x-ray imaging of arterial blood vessels in brain after injection of contrast material |
|
|
positron emission tomography (PET) scan |
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image metabolic activity of cells; shows blood flow and myocardial function |
|
|
electroencephalography (EEG) |
recording of the electrical activity of the brain |
|
|
stereotactic radiosurgery |
use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain: Gamma Knife |
|
|
Gamma Knife |
form of stereotactic radiosurgery; high-energy radiation beam |
|
|
proton stereotactic radiosurgery (PSRS) |
delivers uniform dose of proton radiation to a target and spares surrounding normal tissue |
|
|
BNP Test |
measurement of BNP in the blood BNP: brain natriuretic peptide, elevated in patients with dyspnea |
|
|
cardiac biomarkers |
chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack; measures troponin-I and troponin-T |
|
|
lipid tests |
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample |
|
|
lipoprotein electrophoresis |
lipoproteins are physically separated and measured in a blood sample |
|
|
digital subtraction angiography (DSA) |
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels |
|
|
electron beam computer tomography (EBCT or EBT) |
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD |
|
|
coronary artery calcium score |
indicates future risk of heart attack and stroke |
|
|
echocardiography (ECHO) |
echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart; shows structure and movement of the heart |
|
|
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) |
a transducer placed in the esophagus provides ultrasound and Doppler information; detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid |
|
|
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan |
Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue; detect damage after an MI |
|
|
thallium 201 scan |
concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle; gives information about validity of heart muscle |
|
|
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) |
MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels |
|
|
cardiac catheterization |
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery |
|
|
electrocardiography (ECG) |
recording of electricity flowing through the heart |
|
|
Holter monitoring |
an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect arrhythmias |
|
|
stress test |
exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to stress |
|
|
catheter ablation |
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias |
|
|
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) -"cabbage" |
arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages |
|
|
endarterectomy |
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery |
|
|
extracorporeal circulation |
heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired |
|
|
left ventricular assist device (LVAD) |
booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula to the left ventricle; often while waiting for heart transplant |
|
|
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) |
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place |
|
|
stents |
expandable slotted tubes that serve as permanent scaffolding devices |
|
|
drug-eluting stents (DESs) |
coated with polymers that release antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue |
|
|
thrombolytic therapy |
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis |
|
|
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) |
placement of a balloon-expanable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter |
|
|
chest x-ray (CXR) |
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) |
combo of CT scanning and angiography |
|
|
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan |
detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon); identify areas of lung not receiving adequate air flow |
|
|
bronchoscopy |
fiberoptic endoscope exam of bronchial tubes |
|
|
brochoalveolar lavage |
fluid is injected and withdrawn |
|
|
bronchial brushing |
brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and is used to scrape off tissue |
|
|
endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) |
diagnose and stage lung cancer, sampling of small peripheral lesions |
|
|
endotracheal intubation |
placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway |
|
|
laryngoscopy |
visual exam of voice box |
|
|
mediastinoscopy |
endoscopic visual exam of mediastinum |
|
|
pulmonary function tests (PFTs) |
tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs |
|
|
thoracentesis |
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space |
|
|
thoracotomy |
large surgical incision of the chest |
|
|
tracheostomy |
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck |
|
|
tuberculin test (ex. Heaf test, tine test, Mantoux test) |
determines past or present TB infection base on a positive skin reaction |
|
|
tube thoracostomy |
flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest |
|
|
antiglobulin test (Coombs test) |
test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes |
|
|
bleeding time |
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound |
|
|
coagulation time |
time required for blood to clot in a test tube |
|
|
complete blood count (CBC) |
determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values- MCH, MCV, MCHC |
|
|
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma |
|
|
Hematocrit (Hct) |
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood |
|
|
hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB) |
total amount of hemoglobin a sample of peripheral blood |
|
|
platelet count |
number of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood |
|
|
prothrombin time (PT) |
test of the ability of blood to clot |
|
|
red blood cell count (RBC) |
number of erythrocytes per cubic mm of blood |
|
|
red blood cell morphology |
microscopic exam of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells |
|
|
white blood cell count |
number of leukocytes per cubic mm blood |
|
|
white blood cell differential [count] |
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood |
|
|
apheresis |
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood |
|
|
blood transfusion |
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient |
|
|
autologous transfunction |
collection and later reinfusion of a patient's own blood |
|
|
packed cells |
preparation of RBCs separated from liquid plasma and administered to patient's with severe anemia to restore HGB levels without overdiluting the blood with fluid |
|
|
CD4+ cell count |
measures the number of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS |
|
|
immunoelectrophoresis |
test that separates immunoglobulins |
|
|
viral load test |
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus in blood |
|
|
antinulclear antibody test (ANA) |
detects antibody present in serum of patients with systematic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases |
|
|
rheumatoid factor test (RF) |
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
serum calcium (Ca) |
measures calcium level in serum |
|
|
serum creatine kinase (CK) |
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum |
|
|
uric acid test |
measurement of uric acid in serum |
|
|
arthrocentesis |
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space |
|
|
arthrography |
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast into joint |
|
|
arthroplasty |
surgical repair or replacement of a joint |
|
|
arthroscopy |
visual exam of a joint with an arthroscope and TV camera |
|
|
bone density test |
low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass |
|
|
bone scan |
uptake of radioactive substance in measured in bone |
|
|
diskography |
xray exam of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into disk |
|
|
electromyography (EMG) |
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation |
