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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A problem consists of...
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some initial state in which a person begins and a goal state that is to be attained, plus a non-obvious way of getting from the first to the second
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well structured/defined problems
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completely specified starting condictions, goal state, and methods for achieving this goal
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ill structured/defined
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some aspects not completely specified
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problem spaces
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universe of all possible action (whole range of states and operations) that can be applied to solving a problem, given any constraints that apply to the solution
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analogies
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retrieve a representaion of a problem from memory that is similar to the problem you currently face...tend to miss deep similarities because they tend to focus on surface similarities
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transfer
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carryover of knowledge or skills from one situation to another
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positive transfer
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helps solve current problems, knowledge in one situation helps your ability to solve other problems
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negative transfer
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impedes solving current problem, previous method believed to be most efficent, chooding the wrong analogy
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functional fixedness
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see an object as having only a fixed familiar function
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algorithms
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a method that will lead to a guaranteed solution... consider all possible moves within problem space
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heuristics
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short cuts / "rules of thumb".. will not always work
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generate and test
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random, and it is just trial and error... not a good choice to solve problems
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hill climbing (difference reduction)
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at any point, select the operator that moves you closer to the goal state, never choose operator that moves you away from the goal
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working backwards
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transform goal state so it is more similar to the initial state, begin at the end, helpful with mazes
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means - end analysis
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difference reduction and subgoaling.
identify largest difference between current state and goal state. Set subgoal to reduce difference, final and apply an opertor to reduce differences |
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insight
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distinctive and often seemingly sudden understanding of problem or strategy.. specifically useful for ill defined problems.. may minimize negative transfer
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selective encoding - insight
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distinguish relevant vs irrelevant info
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selective comparison - insight
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novel perceptions of how new inforelates to old info (analogies)
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selective combination - insight
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combining info in new ways (over-coming functional fixedness)
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Incubation
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problem solving without thinking... sleep on it.. may also minimize negative transfer
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possible mechanisms of incubation
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forget unimportant details.
integration with other memories new stimuli may activate new perspectives or analogies great capacity, spreading activation |
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Incubation: Enhancing
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initial investment: explore as many aspects as possible.
allow enough time, not a good method if you have a deadline |
