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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is problem solving |
purposeful and direct cognition that requires attention, WM, and fluid intelligence |
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structure of a problem |
search space: include initial state, intermediates states or sub-goals, operators and goal state problem space - the path the solver takes to reach the goal state |
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search and problem spaces |
Tower of Hanoi is an example where you have to move disks without putting a larger one on top of a smaller one |
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2 types of problems |
well-defined: defined goal and initial state with identifiable sub-goals and operators ill-defined: the goals state, initial state, and/or operators are not clearly defined in advance |
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operators |
what allow us to move from initial to intermediate to goal tastes even when we don't know what the search space looks like two operators: algorithms and heuristics |
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algorithms |
exhaustive search, explore every option one by one useful because straightforward and easy to apply problematic when options expand; could have combinatorial explosion |
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heuristics |
strategies that bring you close to answer with no guarantee of working most useful when you know the goal state, but not the initial state |
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means-end analysis (Heuristics) |
identify current state, compare to goal state, and choose sub-gals to reduce difference most useful when you know the search space and can estimate the shortest path from initial state to goal state |
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analogy (Heuristic) |
when you compare the structure or characteristics of two seemingly different situation or events to find useful similarities positive transfer: notice parallels, map elements, apply solution negative transfer: surface differences can distract |
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problems beyond algorithms and heuristics |
experience can hinder insight by constraining creativity familiarity with an object's function can hinder seeing other possible uses requires cognitive restructuring biased to respond based on past experience |
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what is creativity? |
novel and useful and uses divergent and convergent elements identified stages: preparation, incubation, illumination, verification 'creative cognition' |
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insight problem solving |
achieved by a sudden, surprising, confident, Aha! moment rather than a deliberate =, analytical march towards the solution solving by insight require one additional area/stage beyond analysis: RH aSTG for integration of distant/novel semantic relationships solving via insight requires recognizing connections between distant concepts (defining aspect of creativity) |
