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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is reproductive thinking? |
A rote like use of previous knowledge and experience |
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What is reproductive thinking? |
The ability to combine knowledge in new ways to tackle problems |
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What kind of problem solving do amimals tend to use? |
Trial and error learning |
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What is insight? |
A sudden restructuring of the problem, which leads to solution |
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What do cognitive theories argue about internal states and representations? |
That they control behaviour |
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Explain the 'state change' idea of problem solving |
Imagining a sequence of states that will move you between the start state and the goal state |
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Explain the means end analysis approach to problem solving |
Where you try to determine how to move from the present state to the goal state using 'subgoals' |
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Explain the 'brute force' method of problem solving |
Whereby every possible move is tried, such as within algorithims |
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Explain the 'heuristics' approach to problem solving |
Whereby shortcuts/guessing is used, but not garanteed to get a solution |
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What was the 'general problem solver?' |
A computer programme which stimulates mental problem solving; works for general problems and examines problems as a state of change |
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Name two strengths of the general problem solver programme |
1. Provides a theory about how internal representations are good within problem solving 2. Provides a general theory which can be applied to other probles |
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Name two weaknesses of the general problem solver programme |
1. Not great for real world problems where the state space is very large 2. Does not incorporate modern views about memory |
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What is a method used for speeding up problem solving? |
Chunking, whereby previous configerations can be stored and linked together |
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Explain the power law of learning |
Improvement as a result of learning follows a power function |
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What is adaptive control of thought? |
A computer framework used to stimulate human thought; incorporates declarative and procedural knowledge, using control/attention |
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How do experts in a particular area catergoraise information about their area? |
Experts catergorise based on deep features, whereas novices catergorise based on surface features |
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How do experts of a particular area encode information about their area? |
They encode bigger chunks of information, which recodes the domain in their memory |
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What is a positive transfer? |
Whereby previously learned knowledge enhances problem solving |
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What is a negative transfer? |
Whereby a previously learned knowledge inhibits problem solving |
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What is functional fixedness? |
An inability to use an object in a new way |
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What might you do in a compound remote associates task? |
Make a compound by putting a word before or after particular words (think Scrabble!) |
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Give an example of a representativity heuristic? |
To determine if person A is a member of class B (i.e. a farmer, librarian or a singer), we ask how representative person A is of the class (i.e. are they quiet? Loud?) |
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What is a major issue with a represenative heuristic? |
Ignores the rules of logic |
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What is the gambler's fallacy? |
Where we assume that small numbers have the same distribution as the whole population, regardless of the sample size |
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What is an availability heuristic? |
Whereby we determine the likelyhood of an event by searching our memory |
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What is an anchoring heuristic? |
Once a judgement is made (anchoring), people are less likely to adjust in response to new data, |
