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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a problem?
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Any present situation that differs from a desired goal, where there’s an obstacle to which there are no obvious solution.
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What is problem solving?
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Process to get from current state to desired state.
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3 problem solving approaches:
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- Gestalt
- Search processes - Combination of restructuring and search processes |
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What are the two steps of problem solving according to Gestalt psychology?
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1. Represent problem in mind
2. Reorganize and restructure it to find solution |
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Who worked on the theory of insight?
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Maier
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What is Maier’s argument when it comes to hints?
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A hint must be consistent with the thinker’s directions to result in insight.
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What is a mental set?
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A person’s tendency to approach a problem based on a certain way based on previous experience.
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What is functional fixedness?
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Using an object in a particular way, without thinking of other ways
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What is structurally blind thinking?
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Reproducing thinking from past experiences without going for the simplest solution.
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What is a rigid set?
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Sticking to a way of thinking even though it’s not the best way
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Who developed the search process theory? What is it?
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Newell and Simon. Problem solving is a search that occurs between the posing of a problem and its solution.
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What is the problem space?
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1. Initial state
2. Intermediate states 3. Operators: permissible moves towards solution 4. Goal state |
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What are search trees?
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Representation of all permissible moves from initial state or current state
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What is means-end analysis?
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Way to solve problems by reducing differences between initial state and goal state with subgoals. NOT ALL STEPS ARE FORWARD, BUT THEY ARE NECESSARY.
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When does means-end analysis works and doesn’t work?
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Good for: problems with clear goal
Not good for: ill-defined problems/insight problems |
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What are the 3 steps of solving through analogy?
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1. Notice analogous relationship between source problem (king) and target problem (radiation)
2. Map the correspondence 3. Apply the mapping |
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What is an expert?
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Someone with comprehensive knowledge or skill in a particular area (not general knowledge)
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How do expert and novices organise information differently?
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Novices: surface structure (how it looks like)
Experts: deep structure (underlying principles) |
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Which part of the brain is important for problem-solving?
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The pre-frontal cortex
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