Probing The Deep Interior Of The Sun

Front 1

Reactions which fuse hydrogen to helium..

Back 1

-happen in stages
-varied amounts of intermediate products are produced depending on whether or not there is "bottle-neck" in the stage of the proceedings

Front 2

rate of fuel consumption, the potential lifetime of the sun depend on..

Back 2

slow changes in the composition and the structure

Front 3

alternative branches of the pp cycle

Back 3

-momentary creation of other light elements, including lithium, boron, an beryllium, which participate in later reactions, NET EFFECT: converting hydrogen to helium

Front 4

CNO CYCLE

Back 4

-if a star contains small amount of carbon
-carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen act as a catalyst

Front 5

Exception to true catalyst definition

Back 5

C, N, and O do actively participate, but at the end of the cycle they wind up unchanged

Front 6

CNO cycle is important to which stars..

Back 6

stars that are much hotter than the sun

Front 7

neutrinos

Back 7

-interact with all ordinary matter, pass through essentially unaffected through the sun's outer parts , HARD TO DETECT AND COUNT

Front 8

How many kinds of neutrinos are there?

Back 8

- 3 flavours, produced in different ways by different particles in various reactions and decays

Front 9

The pp cycle in the sun produces which kind of neutrino?

Back 9

-ONLY ONE KIND, called electron neutrinos

Front 10

First experiment to find neutrinos, what was wrong with it?

Back 10

-used tank of cleaning fluid
-no directionality sensitivity (not sure that neutrinos were coming from the sun)
-chlorine rich fluid was not the most sensitive technique
-sensitive to only one kind of neutrino

Front 11

Experiment detected fewer than half of the numbers of neutrinos expected, why?

Back 11

1.Experiment faulty in some way
2. sun was not producing as many neutrinos as theory predicted
3. neutrinos left the sun in one form, but some of them turned into different kind of neutrino, NEUTRINO MIXING

Front 12

SUDBURY Neutrino Observatory has..

Back 12

1. Directionality
2. Time discrimination
3. better sensitivity
4. ability to detect all three kind of neutrinos

Front 13

Neutrinos can interact with heavy water in few ways..

Back 13

1. an electron will be accelerated to a accelerated to a greater speed than the speed of light in water
2. inward-looking phototubes
3. record time and direction from where neutrino came from
and sensitivity for ALL 3 kinds of neutrino

Front 14

Neutrino mixing DOES occur..

Back 14

-the neutrinos are changing flavour from one kind to another

Front 15

Experiment detected fewer than half of the numbers of neutrinos expected, why?

Back 15

1.Experiment faulty in some way
2. sun was not producing as many neutrinos as theory predicted
3. neutrinos left the sun in one form, but some of them turned into different kind of neutrino, NEUTRINO MIXING

Front 16

SUDBURY Neutrino Observatory has..

Back 16

1. Directionality
2. Time discrimination
3. better sensitivity
4. ability to detect all three kind of neutrinos

Front 17

Neutrinos can interact with heavy water in few ways..

Back 17

1. an electron will be accelerated to a accelerated to a greater speed than the speed of light in water
2. inward-looking phototubes
3. record time and direction from where neutrino came from
and sensitivity for ALL 3 kinds of neutrino

Front 18

Neutrino mixing DOES occur..

Back 18

-the neutrinos are changing flavour from one kind to another

Front 19

The pp cycle, how long does a deuterons last in the sun?

Back 19

Front 20

Probabilities in the PP cycle are called

Back 20

branching ratios

Front 21

CNO cycle

Back 21

catalysed process

Front 22

C,N,O are catalyst but..

Back 22

they actually participate in the reactions, so they are not catalyst in the strict sense, but in the end of the cycle there is NO NET CHANGE

Front 23

CNO cycle

Back 23

catalysed process

Front 24

C,N,O are catalyst but..

Back 24

they actually participate in the reactions, so they are not catalyst in the strict sense, but in the end of the cycle there is NO NET CHANGE

Front 25

What happens in the CNO cycle?

Back 25

Front 26

What cycle is dominant in the sun?

Back 26

-PP cycle, they proceed very quickly
-CNO not as much because it is hard to push a proton into carbon nucleus , need higher temperatures for this

Front 27

PP cycle and CNO cycle have different temperature dependences, what does this mean?

Back 27

1. both PP and CNO are very sensitive to temperature, so a bit of temperature change causes vigorous nuclear reactions
2. CNO cycle is more sensitive to temperatures than PP cycle

Front 28

In what form is the energy released from the sun?

Back 28

PHOTONS (gamma rays and other high energy photons)

Front 29

Do the photons come shooting out from the sun?

Back 29

NO because material is so dense that the photon can only travel small distances
-light comes out very slowly

Front 30

DRUNKARD WALK

Back 30

after 100 random staggering steps, the drunkard will probably be about 10 steps from the door

this means:
COMPLETELY RANDOM 50:50 CHANCE OF STAGGERING ONE WAY OR THE OTHER

Front 31

Since it doesn't make sense that the trusted conservation law should be abandon, there must be another particle in this equation..

Back 31

Criteria:
1. carry no charge
2. be of very low mass
3. interact very little with ordinary matter
4. carry the right amount of momentum to make up the shortfall

Front 32

Since it doesn't make sense that the trusted conservation law should be abandon, there must be another particle in this equation..

Back 32

Criteria:
1. carry no charge
2. be of very low mass
3. interact very little with ordinary matter
4. carry the right amount of momentum to make up the shortfall

Front 33

How did the first experiment work for detecting neutrino existence?

Back 33

1. Helium gas bubble through cleaning fluid
2. Tank sits for several weeks/months
3. Another sweep of helium gas brings new Ar atoms that were produced
4. Measure radioactive decay rates

Front 34

How did the first experiment work for detecting neutrino existence?

Back 34

1. Helium gas bubble through cleaning fluid
2. Tank sits for several weeks/months
3. Another sweep of helium gas brings new Ar atoms that were produced
4. Measure radioactive decay rates

Front 35

How was the Sudbury experiment designed?

Back 35

1. spherical vessel fluid with heavy water, deuterium
2. transparents acrylic plastic
3. emitted electron that will in general be moving faster than the speed of light in water
4. fast moving particle gives off a cone of light in the direction it is travelling (Cerenkov radiation)

Front 36

How was the Sudbury experiment designed?

Back 36

1. spherical vessel fluid with heavy water, deuterium
2. transparents acrylic plastic
3. emitted electron that will in general be moving faster than the speed of light in water
4. fast moving particle gives off a cone of light in the direction it is travelling (Cerenkov radiation)